ontology

A module adding additional functionality to owlready2. The main additions

includes

• Visualisation of taxonomy and ontology as graphs (using pydot, see ontograph.py).

The class extension is defined within.

If desirable some of this may be moved back into owlready2.

BlankNode

Represents a blank node.

A blank node is a node that is not a literal and has no IRI. Resources represented by blank nodes are also called anonumous resources. Only the subject or object in an RDF triple can be a blank node.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

class BlankNode:
    """Represents a blank node.

    A blank node is a node that is not a literal and has no IRI.
    Resources represented by blank nodes are also called anonumous resources.
    Only the subject or object in an RDF triple can be a blank node.
    """

    def __init__(self, onto: Union[World, Ontology], storid: int):
        """Initiate a blank node.

        Args:
            onto: Ontology or World instance.
            storid: The storage id of the blank node.
        """
        if storid >= 0:
            raise ValueError(
                f"A BlankNode is supposed to have a negative storid: {storid}"
            )
        self.onto = onto
        self.storid = storid

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(f"_:b{-self.storid}")

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.onto, self.storid))

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """For now blank nodes always compare true against each other."""
        return isinstance(other, BlankNode)

__eq__(other)

For now blank nodes always compare true against each other.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def __eq__(self, other):
    """For now blank nodes always compare true against each other."""
    return isinstance(other, BlankNode)

__init__(onto, storid)

Initiate a blank node.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
onto	Union[World, Ontology]	Ontology or World instance.	required
storid	int	The storage id of the blank node.	required

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def __init__(self, onto: Union[World, Ontology], storid: int):
    """Initiate a blank node.

    Args:
        onto: Ontology or World instance.
        storid: The storage id of the blank node.
    """
    if storid >= 0:
        raise ValueError(
            f"A BlankNode is supposed to have a negative storid: {storid}"
        )
    self.onto = onto
    self.storid = storid

Ontology

Bases: owlready2.Ontology, OntoGraph

A generic class extending owlready2.Ontology.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

class Ontology(  # pylint: disable=too-many-public-methods
    owlready2.Ontology, OntoGraph
):
    """A generic class extending owlready2.Ontology."""

    # Properties controlling what annotations that are considered by
    # get_by_label()
    _label_annotations = []
    label_annotations = property(
        fget=lambda self: self._label_annotations,
        doc="List of label annotation searched for by get_by_label().",
    )

    # Name of special unlabeled entities, like Thing, Nothing, etc...
    _special_labels = None

    # Some properties for customising dir() listing - useful in
    # interactive sessions...
    _dir_preflabel = isinteractive()
    _dir_label = isinteractive()
    _dir_name = False
    _dir_imported = isinteractive()
    dir_preflabel = property(
        fget=lambda self: self._dir_preflabel,
        fset=lambda self, v: setattr(self, "_dir_preflabel", bool(v)),
        doc="Whether to include entity prefLabel in dir() listing.",
    )
    dir_label = property(
        fget=lambda self: self._dir_label,
        fset=lambda self, v: setattr(self, "_dir_label", bool(v)),
        doc="Whether to include entity label in dir() listing.",
    )
    dir_name = property(
        fget=lambda self: self._dir_name,
        fset=lambda self, v: setattr(self, "_dir_name", bool(v)),
        doc="Whether to include entity name in dir() listing.",
    )
    dir_imported = property(
        fget=lambda self: self._dir_imported,
        fset=lambda self, v: setattr(self, "_dir_imported", bool(v)),
        doc="Whether to include imported ontologies in dir() listing.",
    )

    def __dir__(self):
        set_dir = set(super().__dir__())
        lst = list(self.get_entities(imported=self._dir_imported))
        if self._dir_preflabel:
            set_dir.update(
                _.prefLabel.first() for _ in lst if hasattr(_, "prefLabel")
            )
        if self._dir_label:
            set_dir.update(_.label.first() for _ in lst if hasattr(_, "label"))
        if self._dir_name:
            set_dir.update(_.name for _ in lst if hasattr(_, "name"))

        set_dir.difference_update({None})  # get rid of possible None
        return sorted(set_dir)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        item = super().__getitem__(name)
        if not item:
            item = self.get_by_label(name)
        return item

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        attr = super().__getattr__(name)
        if not attr:
            attr = self.get_by_label(name)
        return attr

    def __contains__(self, other):
        if self.world[other]:
            return True
        try:
            self.get_by_label(other)
        except NoSuchLabelError:
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def __objclass__(self):
        # Play nice with inspect...
        pass

    def __hash__(self):
        """Returns a hash based on base_iri.
        This is done to keep Ontology hashable when defining __eq__.
        """
        return hash(self.base_iri)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Checks if this ontology is equal to `other`.

        This function compares the result of
        ``set(self.get_unabbreviated_triples(label='_:b'))``,
        i.e. blank nodes are not distinguished, but relations to blank
        nodes are included.
        """
        return set(self.get_unabbreviated_triples(label="_:b")) == set(
            other.get_unabbreviated_triples(label="_:b")
        )

    def get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label=None):
        """Returns all triples unabbreviated.

        If `label` is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.
        """
        return World.get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label)

    def get_by_label(
        self, label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None
    ):  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-branches
        """Returns entity with label annotation `label`.

        `label_annotations` is a sequence of label annotation names to look up.
        Defaults to the `label_annotations` property.

        If `namespace` is provided, it should be the last component of
        the base iri of an ontology (with trailing slash (/) or hash
        (#) stripped off).  The search for a matching label will be
        limited to this namespace.

        If several entities have the same label, only the one which is
        found first is returned.Use get_by_label_all() to get all matches.

        A NoSuchLabelError is raised if `label` cannot be found.

        Note
        ----
        The current implementation also supports "*" as a wildcard
        matching any number of characters. This may change in the future.
        """
        if not isinstance(label, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Invalid label definition, must be a string: {label!r}"
            )
        if " " in label:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Invalid label definition, {label!r} contains spaces."
            )

        if "namespaces" in self.__dict__:
            if namespace:
                if namespace in self.namespaces:
                    for entity in self.get_by_label_all(
                        label, label_annotations=label_annotations
                    ):
                        if entity.namespace == self.namespaces[namespace]:
                            return entity
                raise NoSuchLabelError(
                    f"No label annotations matches {label!r} in namespace "
                    f"{namespace!r}"
                )
            if label in self.namespaces:
                return self.namespaces[label]

        if label_annotations is None:
            annotations = (a.name for a in self.label_annotations)
        else:
            annotations = (
                a.name if hasattr(a, "storid") else a for a in label_annotations
            )
        for key in annotations:
            entity = self.search_one(**{key: label})
            if entity:
                return entity

        if self._special_labels and label in self._special_labels:
            return self._special_labels[label]

        entity = self.world[self.base_iri + label]
        if entity:
            return entity

        raise NoSuchLabelError(f"No label annotations matches {label!r}")

    def get_by_label_all(self, label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None):
        """Like get_by_label(), but returns a list with all matching labels.

        Returns an empty list if no matches could be found.
        """
        if not isinstance(label, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"Invalid label definition, " f"must be a string: {label!r}"
            )
        if " " in label:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Invalid label definition, {label!r} contains spaces."
            )

        if label_annotations is None:
            annotations = (_.name for _ in self.label_annotations)
        else:
            annotations = (
                _.name if hasattr(_, "storid") else _ for _ in label_annotations
            )
        entity = self.world.search(**{annotations.__next__(): label})
        for key in annotations:
            entity.extend(self.world.search(**{key: label}))
        if self._special_labels and label in self._special_labels:
            entity.append(self._special_labels[label])
        if namespace:
            return [_ for _ in entity if _.namespace.name == namespace]
        return entity

    def add_label_annotation(self, iri):
        """Adds label annotation used by get_by_label().

        May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.
        """
        label_annotation = iri if hasattr(iri, "storid") else self.world[iri]
        if not label_annotation:
            raise ValueError(f"IRI not in ontology: {iri}")
        if label_annotation not in self._label_annotations:
            self._label_annotations.append(label_annotation)

    def remove_label_annotation(self, iri):
        """Removes label annotation used by get_by_label().

        May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.
        """
        label_annotation = iri if hasattr(iri, "storid") else self.world[iri]
        if not label_annotation:
            raise ValueError(f"IRI not in ontology: {iri}")
        self._label_annotations.remove(label_annotation)

    def load(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,arguments-renamed
        self,
        only_local=False,
        filename=None,
        format=None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
        reload=None,
        reload_if_newer=False,
        url_from_catalog=None,
        catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
        emmo_based=True,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """Load the ontology.

        Parameters
        ----------
        only_local : bool
            Whether to only read local files.  This requires that you
            have appended the path to the ontology to owlready2.onto_path.
        filename : str
            Path to file to load the ontology from.  Defaults to `base_iri`
            provided to get_ontology().
        format : str
            Format of `filename`.  Default is inferred from `filename`
            extension.
        reload : bool
            Whether to reload the ontology if it is already loaded.
        reload_if_newer : bool
            Whether to reload the ontology if the source has changed since
            last time it was loaded.
        url_from_catalog : bool | None
            Whether to use catalog file to resolve the location of `base_iri`.
            If None, the catalog file is used if it exists in the same
            directory as `filename`.
        catalog_file : str
            Name of Protègè catalog file in the same folder as the
            ontology.  This option is used together with `only_local` and
            defaults to "catalog-v001.xml".
        emmo_based : bool
            Whether this is an EMMO-based ontology or not, default `True`.
        kwargs
            Additional keyword arguments are passed on to
            owlready2.Ontology.load().
        """
        # TODO: make sure that `only_local` argument is respected...

        if self.loaded:
            return self
        self._load(
            only_local=only_local,
            filename=filename,
            format=format,
            reload=reload,
            reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
            url_from_catalog=url_from_catalog,
            catalog_file=catalog_file,
            **kwargs,
        )

        # Enable optimised search by get_by_label()
        if self._special_labels is None and emmo_based:
            for iri in DEFAULT_LABEL_ANNOTATIONS:
                self.add_label_annotation(iri)
            top = self.world["http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#topObjectProperty"]
            self._special_labels = {
                "Thing": owlready2.Thing,
                "Nothing": owlready2.Nothing,
                "topObjectProperty": top,
                "owl:Thing": owlready2.Thing,
                "owl:Nothing": owlready2.Nothing,
                "owl:topObjectProperty": top,
            }

        return self

    def _load(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-locals,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
        self,
        only_local=False,
        filename=None,
        format=None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
        reload=None,
        reload_if_newer=False,
        url_from_catalog=None,
        catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """Help function for load()."""
        web_protocol = "http://", "https://", "ftp://"

        url = filename if filename else self.base_iri.rstrip("/#")
        if url.startswith(web_protocol):
            baseurl = os.path.dirname(url)
            catalogurl = baseurl + "/" + catalog_file
        else:
            if url.startswith("file://"):
                url = url[7:]
            url = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(url))
            baseurl = os.path.dirname(url)
            catalogurl = os.path.join(baseurl, catalog_file)

        def getmtime(path):
            if os.path.exists(path):
                return os.path.getmtime(path)
            return 0.0

        # Resolve url from catalog file
        iris = {}
        dirs = set()
        if url_from_catalog or url_from_catalog is None:
            not_reload = not reload and (
                not reload_if_newer
                or getmtime(catalogurl)
                > self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl][0]
            )
            # get iris from catalog already in cached catalogs
            if catalogurl in self.world._cached_catalogs and not_reload:
                _, iris, dirs = self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl]
            # do not update cached_catalogs if url already in _iri_mappings
            # and reload not forced
            elif url in self.world._iri_mappings and not_reload:
                pass
            # update iris from current catalogurl
            else:
                try:
                    iris, dirs = read_catalog(
                        uri=catalogurl,
                        recursive=False,
                        return_paths=True,
                        catalog_file=catalog_file,
                    )
                except ReadCatalogError:
                    if url_from_catalog is not None:
                        raise
                    self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl] = (0.0, {}, set())
                else:
                    self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl] = (
                        getmtime(catalogurl),
                        iris,
                        dirs,
                    )
            self.world._iri_mappings.update(iris)
        resolved_url = self.world._iri_mappings.get(url, url)

        # Append paths from catalog file to onto_path
        for _ in sorted(dirs, reverse=True):
            if _ not in owlready2.onto_path:
                owlready2.onto_path.append(_)

        # Use catalog file to update IRIs of imported ontologies
        # in internal store and try to load again...
        if self.world._iri_mappings:
            for abbrev_iri in self.world._get_obj_triples_sp_o(
                self.storid, owlready2.owl_imports
            ):
                iri = self._unabbreviate(abbrev_iri)
                if iri in self.world._iri_mappings:
                    self._del_obj_triple_spo(
                        self.storid, owlready2.owl_imports, abbrev_iri
                    )
                    self._add_obj_triple_spo(
                        self.storid,
                        owlready2.owl_imports,
                        self._abbreviate(self.world._iri_mappings[iri]),
                    )

        # Load ontology
        try:
            self.loaded = False
            fmt = format if format else guess_format(resolved_url, fmap=FMAP)
            if fmt and fmt not in OWLREADY2_FORMATS:
                # Convert filename to rdfxml before passing it to owlready2
                graph = rdflib.Graph()
                graph.parse(resolved_url, format=fmt)
                with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as handle:
                    graph.serialize(destination=handle, format="xml")
                    handle.seek(0)
                    return super().load(
                        only_local=True,
                        fileobj=handle,
                        reload=reload,
                        reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                        format="rdfxml",
                        **kwargs,
                    )
            elif resolved_url.startswith(web_protocol):
                return super().load(
                    only_local=only_local,
                    reload=reload,
                    reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                    **kwargs,
                )

            else:
                with open(resolved_url, "rb") as handle:
                    return super().load(
                        only_local=only_local,
                        fileobj=handle,
                        reload=reload,
                        reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                        **kwargs,
                    )
        except owlready2.OwlReadyOntologyParsingError:
            # Owlready2 is not able to parse the ontology - most
            # likely because imported ontologies must be resolved
            # using the catalog file.

            # Reraise if we don't want to read from the catalog file
            if not url_from_catalog and url_from_catalog is not None:
                raise

            warnings.warn(
                "Recovering from Owlready2 parsing error... might be deprecated"
            )

            # Copy the ontology into a local folder and try again
            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as handle:
                output = os.path.join(handle, os.path.basename(resolved_url))
                convert_imported(
                    input_ontology=resolved_url,
                    output_ontology=output,
                    input_format=fmt,
                    output_format="xml",
                    url_from_catalog=url_from_catalog,
                    catalog_file=catalog_file,
                )

                self.loaded = False
                with open(output, "rb") as handle:
                    return super().load(
                        only_local=True,
                        fileobj=handle,
                        reload=reload,
                        reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                        format="rdfxml",
                        **kwargs,
                    )

    def save(
        self,
        filename=None,
        format=None,
        dir=".",
        mkdir=False,
        overwrite=False,
        recursive=False,
        squash=False,
        write_catalog_file=False,
        append_catalog=False,
        catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
    ):
        """Writes the ontology to file.

        Parameters
        ----------
        filename: None | str | Path
            Name of file to write to.  If None, it defaults to the name
            of the ontology with `format` as file extension.
        format: str
            Output format. The default is to infer it from `filename`.
        dir: str | Path
            If `filename` is a relative path, it is a relative path to `dir`.
        mkdir: bool
            Whether to create output directory if it does not exists.
        owerwrite: bool
            If true and `filename` exists, remove the existing file before
            saving.  The default is to append to an existing ontology.
        recursive: bool
            Whether to save imported ontologies recursively.  This is
            commonly combined with `filename=None`, `dir` and `mkdir`.
        squash: bool
            If true, rdflib will be used to save the current ontology
            together with all its sub-ontologies into `filename`.
            It make no sense to combine this with `recursive`.
        write_catalog_file: bool
            Whether to also write a catalog file to disk.
        append_catalog: bool
            Whether to append to an existing catalog file.
        catalog_file: str | Path
            Name of catalog file.  If not an absolute path, it is prepended
            to `dir`.
        """
        # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,too-many-arguments
        # pylint: disable=too-many-statements,too-many-branches
        # pylint: disable=too-many-locals,arguments-renamed
        if not _validate_installed_version(
            package="rdflib", min_version="6.0.0"
        ) and format == FMAP.get("ttl", ""):
            from rdflib import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
                __version__ as __rdflib_version__,
            )

            warnings.warn(
                IncompatibleVersion(
                    "To correctly convert to Turtle format, rdflib must be "
                    "version 6.0.0 or greater, however, the detected rdflib "
                    "version used by your Python interpreter is "
                    f"{__rdflib_version__!r}. For more information see the "
                    "'Known issues' section of the README."
                )
            )

        revmap = {value: key for key, value in FMAP.items()}

        if filename is None:
            if format:
                fmt = revmap.get(format, format)
                filename = f"{self.name}.{fmt}"
            else:
                TypeError("`filename` and `format` cannot both be None.")
        filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
        dir = Path(filename).resolve().parent

        if mkdir:
            outdir = Path(filename).parent.resolve()
            if not outdir.exists():
                outdir.mkdir(parents=True)

        if not format:
            format = guess_format(filename, fmap=FMAP)
        fmt = revmap.get(format, format)

        if overwrite and filename and os.path.exists(filename):
            os.remove(filename)

        EMMO = rdflib.Namespace(  # pylint:disable=invalid-name
            "http://emmo.info/emmo#"
        )

        if recursive:
            if squash:
                raise ValueError(
                    "`recursive` and `squash` should not both be true"
                )
            base = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
            for onto in self.imported_ontologies:
                obase = onto.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
                newdir = Path(dir) / os.path.relpath(obase, base)
                onto.save(
                    filename=None,
                    format=format,
                    dir=newdir.resolve(),
                    mkdir=mkdir,
                    overwrite=overwrite,
                    recursive=recursive,
                    squash=squash,
                    write_catalog_file=write_catalog_file,
                    append_catalog=append_catalog,
                    catalog_file=catalog_file,
                )

        if squash:
            from rdflib import (  # pylint:disable=import-outside-toplevel
                URIRef,
                RDF,
                OWL,
            )

            graph = self.world.as_rdflib_graph()
            graph.namespace_manager.bind("emmo", EMMO)

            # Remove anonymous namespace and imports
            graph.remove((URIRef("http://anonymous"), RDF.type, OWL.Ontology))
            imports = list(graph.triples((None, OWL.imports, None)))
            for triple in imports:
                graph.remove(triple)

            graph.serialize(destination=filename, format=format)
        elif format in OWLREADY2_FORMATS:
            super().save(file=filename, format=fmt)
        else:
            # The try-finally clause is needed for cleanup and because
            # we have to provide delete=False to NamedTemporaryFile
            # since Windows does not allow to reopen an already open
            # file.
            try:
                with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                    suffix=".owl", delete=False
                ) as handle:
                    tmpfile = handle.name
                super().save(tmpfile, format="rdfxml")
                graph = rdflib.Graph()
                graph.parse(tmpfile, format="xml")
                graph.serialize(destination=filename, format=format)
            finally:
                os.remove(tmpfile)

        if write_catalog_file:
            mappings = {}
            base = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/")

            def append(onto):
                obase = onto.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
                newdir = Path(dir) / os.path.relpath(obase, base)
                newpath = newdir.resolve() / f"{onto.name}.{fmt}"
                relpath = os.path.relpath(newpath, dir)
                mappings[onto.get_version(as_iri=True)] = str(relpath)
                for imported in onto.imported_ontologies:
                    append(imported)

            if recursive:
                append(self)
            write_catalog(
                mappings, output=catalog_file, dir=dir, append=append_catalog
            )

    def get_imported_ontologies(self, recursive=False):
        """Return a list with imported ontologies.

        If `recursive` is `True`, ontologies imported by imported ontologies
        are also returned.
        """

        def rec_imported(onto):
            for ontology in onto.imported_ontologies:
                if ontology not in imported:
                    imported.add(ontology)
                    rec_imported(ontology)

        if recursive:
            imported = set()
            rec_imported(self)
            return list(imported)

        return self.imported_ontologies

    def get_entities(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
        self,
        imported=True,
        classes=True,
        individuals=True,
        object_properties=True,
        data_properties=True,
        annotation_properties=True,
    ):
        """Return a generator over (optionally) all classes, individuals,
        object_properties, data_properties and annotation_properties.

        If `imported` is `True`, entities in imported ontologies will also
        be included.
        """
        generator = []
        if classes:
            generator.append(self.classes(imported))
        if individuals:
            generator.append(self.individuals(imported))
        if object_properties:
            generator.append(self.object_properties(imported))
        if data_properties:
            generator.append(self.data_properties(imported))
        if annotation_properties:
            generator.append(self.annotation_properties(imported))
        for entity in itertools.chain(*generator):
            yield entity

    def classes(self, imported=False):
        """Returns an generator over all classes.

        If `imported` is `True`, will imported classes are also returned.
        """
        if imported:
            return self.world.classes()
        return super().classes()

    def individuals(self, imported=False):
        """Returns an generator over all individuals.

        If `imported` is `True`, will imported individuals are also returned.
        """
        if imported:
            return self.world.individuals()
        return super().individuals()

    def object_properties(self, imported=False):
        """Returns an generator over all object properties.

        If `imported` is true, will imported object properties are also
        returned.
        """
        if imported:
            return self.world.object_properties()
        return super().object_properties()

    def data_properties(self, imported=False):
        """Returns an generator over all data properties.

        If `imported` is true, will imported data properties are also
        returned.
        """
        if imported:
            return self.world.data_properties()
        return super().data_properties()

    def annotation_properties(self, imported=False):
        """Returns a generator iterating over all annotation properties
        defined in the current ontology.

        If `imported` is true, annotation properties in imported ontologies
        will also be included.
        """
        if imported:
            return self.world.annotation_properties()
        return super().annotation_properties()

    def get_root_classes(self, imported=False):
        """Returns a list or root classes."""
        return [
            cls
            for cls in self.classes(imported=imported)
            if not cls.ancestors().difference(set([cls, owlready2.Thing]))
        ]

    def get_root_object_properties(self, imported=False):
        """Returns a list of root object properties."""
        props = set(self.object_properties(imported=imported))
        return [p for p in props if not props.intersection(p.is_a)]

    def get_root_data_properties(self, imported=False):
        """Returns a list of root object properties."""
        props = set(self.data_properties(imported=imported))
        return [p for p in props if not props.intersection(p.is_a)]

    def get_roots(self, imported=False):
        """Returns all class, object_property and data_property roots."""
        roots = self.get_root_classes(imported=imported)
        roots.extend(self.get_root_object_properties(imported=imported))
        roots.extend(self.get_root_data_properties(imported=imported))
        return roots

    def sync_python_names(self, annotations=("prefLabel", "label", "altLabel")):
        """Update the `python_name` attribute of all properties.

        The python_name attribute will be set to the first non-empty
        annotation in the sequence of annotations in `annotations` for
        the property.
        """

        def update(gen):
            for prop in gen:
                for annotation in annotations:
                    if hasattr(prop, annotation) and getattr(prop, annotation):
                        prop.python_name = getattr(prop, annotation).first()
                        break

        update(
            self.get_entities(
                classes=False,
                individuals=False,
                object_properties=False,
                data_properties=False,
            )
        )
        update(
            self.get_entities(
                classes=False, individuals=False, annotation_properties=False
            )
        )

    def rename_entities(
        self,
        annotations=("prefLabel", "label", "altLabel"),
    ):
        """Set `name` of all entities to the first non-empty annotation in
        `annotations`.

        Warning, this method changes all IRIs in the ontology.  However,
        it may be useful to make the ontology more readable and to work
        with it together with a triple store.
        """
        for entity in self.get_entities():
            for annotation in annotations:
                if hasattr(entity, annotation):
                    name = getattr(entity, annotation).first()
                    if name:
                        entity.name = name
                        break

    def sync_reasoner(
        self, reasoner="FaCT++", include_imported=False, **kwargs
    ):
        """Update current ontology by running the given reasoner.

        Supported values for `reasoner` are 'Pellet', 'HermiT' and 'FaCT++'.

        If `include_imported` is true, the reasoner will also reason
        over imported ontologies.  Note that this may be **very** slow
        with Pellet and HermiT.

        Keyword arguments are passed to the underlying owlready2 function.
        """
        if reasoner == "FaCT++":
            sync = sync_reasoner_factpp
        elif reasoner == "Pellet":
            sync = owlready2.sync_reasoner_pellet
        elif reasoner == "HermiT":
            sync = owlready2.sync_reasoner_hermit
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"unknown reasoner {reasoner!r}. Supported reasoners "
                'are "Pellet", "HermiT" and "FaCT++".'
            )

        # For some reason we must visit all entities once before running
        # the reasoner...
        list(self.get_entities())

        with self:
            if include_imported:
                sync(self.world, **kwargs)
            else:
                sync(self, **kwargs)

    def sync_attributes(  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
        self,
        name_policy=None,
        name_prefix="",
        class_docstring="comment",
        sync_imported=False,
    ):
        """This method is intended to be called after you have added new
        classes (typically via Python) to make sure that attributes like
        `label` and `comments` are defined.

        If a class, object property, data property or annotation
        property in the current ontology has no label, the name of
        the corresponding Python class will be assigned as label.

        If a class, object property, data property or annotation
        property has no comment, it will be assigned the docstring of
        the corresponding Python class.

        `name_policy` specify wether and how the names in the ontology
        should be updated.  Valid values are:
          None          not changed
          "uuid"        `name_prefix` followed by a global unique id (UUID).
          "sequential"  `name_prefix` followed a sequantial number.
        EMMO conventions imply ``name_policy=='uuid'``.

        If `sync_imported` is true, all imported ontologies are also
        updated.

        The `class_docstring` argument specifies the annotation that
        class docstrings are mapped to.  Defaults to "comment".
        """
        for cls in itertools.chain(
            self.classes(),
            self.object_properties(),
            self.data_properties(),
            self.annotation_properties(),
        ):
            if not hasattr(cls, "prefLabel"):
                # no prefLabel - create new annotation property..
                with self:

                    # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-class-docstring
                    # pylint: disable=unused-variable
                    class prefLabel(owlready2.label):
                        pass

                cls.prefLabel = [locstr(cls.__name__, lang="en")]
            elif not cls.prefLabel:
                cls.prefLabel.append(locstr(cls.__name__, lang="en"))
            if class_docstring and hasattr(cls, "__doc__") and cls.__doc__:
                getattr(cls, class_docstring).append(
                    locstr(inspect.cleandoc(cls.__doc__), lang="en")
                )

        for ind in self.individuals():
            if not hasattr(ind, "prefLabel"):
                # no prefLabel - create new annotation property..
                with self:
                    # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-class-docstring
                    # pylint: disable=function-redefined
                    class prefLabel(owlready2.label):
                        iri = "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel"

                ind.prefLabel = [locstr(ind.name, lang="en")]
            elif not ind.prefLabel:
                ind.prefLabel.append(locstr(ind.name, lang="en"))

        chain = itertools.chain(
            self.classes(),
            self.individuals(),
            self.object_properties(),
            self.data_properties(),
            self.annotation_properties(),
        )
        if name_policy == "uuid":
            for obj in chain:
                obj.name = name_prefix + str(
                    uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, obj.name)
                )
        elif name_policy == "sequential":
            for obj in chain:
                counter = 0
                while f"{self.base_iri}{name_prefix}{counter}" in self:
                    counter += 1
                obj.name = name_prefix + str(counter)
        elif name_policy is not None:
            raise TypeError(f"invalid name_policy: {name_policy!r}")

        if sync_imported:
            for onto in self.imported_ontologies:
                onto.sync_attributes()

    def get_relations(self):
        """Returns a generator for all relations."""
        warnings.warn(
            "Ontology.get_relations() is deprecated. Use "
            "onto.object_properties() instead.",
            DeprecationWarning,
        )
        return self.object_properties()

    def get_annotations(self, entity):
        """Returns a dict with annotations for `entity`.  Entity may be given
        either as a ThingClass object or as a label."""
        warnings.warn(
            "Ontology.get_annotations(entity) is deprecated. Use "
            "entity.get_annotations() instead.",
            DeprecationWarning,
        )

        if isinstance(entity, str):
            entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
        res = {"comment": getattr(entity, "comment", "")}
        for annotation in self.annotation_properties():
            res[annotation.label.first()] = [
                obj.strip('"')
                for _, _, obj in self.get_triples(
                    entity.storid, annotation.storid, None
                )
            ]
        return res

    def get_branch(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
        self,
        root,
        leafs=(),
        include_leafs=True,
        strict_leafs=False,
        exclude=None,
        sort=False,
    ):
        """Returns a set with all direct and indirect subclasses of `root`.
        Any subclass found in the sequence `leafs` will be included in
        the returned list, but its subclasses will not.  The elements
        of `leafs` may be ThingClass objects or labels.

        Subclasses of any subclass found in the sequence `leafs` will
        be excluded from the returned list, where the elements of `leafs`
        may be ThingClass objects or labels.

        If `include_leafs` is true, the leafs are included in the returned
        list, otherwise they are not.

        If `strict_leafs` is true, any descendant of a leaf will be excluded
        in the returned set.

        If given, `exclude` may be a sequence of classes, including
        their subclasses, to exclude from the output.

        If `sort` is True, a list sorted according to depth and label
        will be returned instead of a set.
        """

        def _branch(root, leafs):
            if root not in leafs:
                branch = {
                    root,
                }
                for cls in root.subclasses():
                    # Defining a branch is actually quite tricky.  Consider
                    # the case:
                    #
                    #      L isA R
                    #      A isA L
                    #      A isA R
                    #
                    # where R is the root, L is a leaf and A is a direct
                    # child of both.  Logically, since A is a child of the
                    # leaf we want to skip A.  But a strait forward imple-
                    # mentation will see that A is a child of the root and
                    # include it.  Requireing that the R should be a strict
                    # parent of A solves this.
                    if root in cls.get_parents(strict=True):
                        branch.update(_branch(cls, leafs))
            else:
                branch = (
                    {
                        root,
                    }
                    if include_leafs
                    else set()
                )
            return branch

        if isinstance(root, str):
            root = self.get_by_label(root)

        leafs = set(
            self.get_by_label(leaf) if isinstance(leaf, str) else leaf
            for leaf in leafs
        )
        leafs.discard(root)

        if exclude:
            exclude = set(
                self.get_by_label(e) if isinstance(e, str) else e
                for e in exclude
            )
            leafs.update(exclude)

        branch = _branch(root, leafs)

        # Exclude all descendants of any leaf
        if strict_leafs:
            descendants = root.descendants()
            for leaf in leafs:
                if leaf in descendants:
                    branch.difference_update(
                        leaf.descendants(include_self=False)
                    )

        if exclude:
            branch.difference_update(exclude)

        # Sort according to depth, then by label
        if sort:
            branch = sorted(
                sorted(branch, key=asstring),
                key=lambda x: len(x.mro()),
            )

        return branch

    def is_individual(self, entity):
        """Returns true if entity is an individual."""
        if isinstance(entity, str):
            entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
        return isinstance(entity, owlready2.Thing)

    # FIXME - deprecate this method as soon the ThingClass property
    #         `defined_class` works correct in Owlready2
    def is_defined(self, entity):
        """Returns true if the entity is a defined class."""
        if isinstance(entity, str):
            entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
        return hasattr(entity, "equivalent_to") and bool(entity.equivalent_to)

    def get_version(self, as_iri=False) -> str:
        """Returns the version number of the ontology as inferred from the
        owl:versionIRI tag or, if owl:versionIRI is not found, from
        owl:versionINFO.

        If `as_iri` is True, the full versionIRI is returned.
        """
        version_iri_storid = self.world._abbreviate(
            "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionIRI"
        )
        tokens = self.get_triples(s=self.storid, p=version_iri_storid)
        if (not tokens) and (as_iri is True):
            raise TypeError(
                "No owl:versionIRI "
                f"in Ontology {self.base_iri!r}. "
                "Search for owl:versionInfo with as_iri=False"
            )
        if tokens:
            _, _, obj = tokens[0]
            version_iri = self.world._unabbreviate(obj)
            if as_iri:
                return version_iri
            return infer_version(self.base_iri, version_iri)

        version_info_storid = self.world._abbreviate(
            "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo"
        )
        tokens = self.get_triples(s=self.storid, p=version_info_storid)
        if not tokens:
            raise TypeError(
                "No versionIRI or versionInfo " f"in Ontology {self.base_iri!r}"
            )
        _, _, version_info = tokens[0]
        return version_info.strip('"').strip("'")

    def set_version(self, version=None, version_iri=None):
        """Assign version to ontology by asigning owl:versionIRI.

        If `version` but not `version_iri` is provided, the version
        IRI will be the combination of `base_iri` and `version`.
        """
        _version_iri = "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionIRI"
        version_iri_storid = self.world._abbreviate(_version_iri)
        if self._has_obj_triple_spo(  # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
            # For some reason _has_obj_triples_spo exists in both
            # owlready2.namespace.Namespace (with arguments subject/predicate)
            # and in owlready2.triplelite._GraphManager (with arguments s/p)
            # owlready2.Ontology inherits from Namespace directly
            # and pylint checks that.
            # It actually accesses the one in triplelite.
            # subject=self.storid, predicate=version_iri_storid
            s=self.storid,
            p=version_iri_storid,
        ):
            self._del_obj_triple_spo(s=self.storid, p=version_iri_storid)

        if not version_iri:
            if not version:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Either `version` or `version_iri` must be provided"
                )
            head, tail = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/").rsplit("/", 1)
            version_iri = "/".join([head, version, tail])

        self._add_obj_triple_spo(
            s=self.storid,
            p=self.world._abbreviate(_version_iri),
            o=self.world._abbreviate(version_iri),
        )

    def get_graph(self, **kwargs):
        """Returns a new graph object.  See  emmo.graph.OntoGraph.

        Note that this method requires the Python graphviz package.
        """
        # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel,cyclic-import
        from ontopy.graph import OntoGraph as NewOntoGraph

        return NewOntoGraph(self, **kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def common_ancestors(cls1, cls2):
        """Return a list of common ancestors for `cls1` and `cls2`."""
        return set(cls1.ancestors()).intersection(cls2.ancestors())

    def number_of_generations(self, descendant, ancestor):
        """Return shortest distance from ancestor to descendant"""
        if ancestor not in descendant.ancestors():
            raise ValueError("Descendant is not a descendant of ancestor")
        return self._number_of_generations(descendant, ancestor, 0)

    def _number_of_generations(self, descendant, ancestor, counter):
        """Recursive help function to number_of_generations(), return
        distance between a ancestor-descendant pair (counter+1)."""
        if descendant.name == ancestor.name:
            return counter
        try:
            return min(
                self._number_of_generations(parent, ancestor, counter + 1)
                for parent in descendant.get_parents()
                if ancestor in parent.ancestors()
            )
        except ValueError:
            return counter

    def closest_common_ancestors(self, cls1, cls2):
        """Returns a list with closest_common_ancestor for cls1 and cls2"""
        distances = {}
        for ancestor in self.common_ancestors(cls1, cls2):
            distances[ancestor] = self.number_of_generations(
                cls1, ancestor
            ) + self.number_of_generations(cls2, ancestor)
        return [
            ancestor
            for ancestor, distance in distances.items()
            if distance == min(distances.values())
        ]

    @staticmethod
    def closest_common_ancestor(*classes):
        """Returns closest_common_ancestor for the given classes."""
        mros = [cls.mro() for cls in classes]
        track = defaultdict(int)
        while mros:
            for mro in mros:
                cur = mro.pop(0)
                track[cur] += 1
                if track[cur] == len(classes):
                    return cur
                if len(mro) == 0:
                    mros.remove(mro)
        raise Exception("A closest common ancestor should always exist !")

    def get_ancestors(self, classes, include="all", strict=True):
        """Return ancestors of all classes in `classes`.
        classes to be provided as list

        The values of `include` may be:
          - None: ignore this argument
          - "all": Include all ancestors.
          - "closest": Include all ancestors up to the closest common
            ancestor of all classes.
          - int: Include this number of ancestor levels.  Here `include`
            may be an integer or a string that can be converted to int.
        """
        ancestors = set()
        if not classes:
            return ancestors

        def addancestors(entity, counter, subject):
            if counter > 0:
                for parent in entity.get_parents(strict=True):
                    subject.add(parent)
                    addancestors(parent, counter - 1, subject)

        if isinstance(include, str) and include.isdigit():
            include = int(include)

        if include == "all":
            ancestors.update(*(_.ancestors() for _ in classes))
        elif include == "closest":
            closest = self.closest_common_ancestor(*classes)
            for cls in classes:
                ancestors.update(
                    _ for _ in cls.ancestors() if closest in _.ancestors()
                )
        elif isinstance(include, int):
            for entity in classes:
                addancestors(entity, int(include), ancestors)
        elif include not in (None, "None", "none", ""):
            raise ValueError('include must be "all", "closest" or None')

        if strict:
            return ancestors.difference(classes)
        return ancestors

    def get_descendants(
        self,
        classes: "Union[List, ThingClass]",
        common: bool = False,
        generations: int = None,
    ) -> set:
        """Return descendants/subclasses of all classes in `classes`.
        Args:
            classes: to be provided as list.
            common: whether to only return descendants common to all classes.
            generations: Include this number of generations, default is all.
        Returns:
            A set of descendants for given number of generations.
            If 'common'=True, the common descendants are returned
            within the specified number of generations.
            'generations' defaults to all.
        """

        if not isinstance(classes, Sequence):
            classes = [classes]

        descendants = {name: [] for name in classes}

        def _children_recursively(num, newentity, parent, descendants):
            """Helper function to get all children up to generation."""
            for child in self.get_children_of(newentity):
                descendants[parent].append(child)
                if num < generations:
                    _children_recursively(num + 1, child, parent, descendants)

        if generations == 0:
            return set()

        if not generations:
            for entity in classes:
                descendants[entity] = entity.descendants()
                # only include proper descendants
                descendants[entity].remove(entity)
        else:
            for entity in classes:
                _children_recursively(1, entity, entity, descendants)

        results = descendants.values()
        if common is True:
            return set.intersection(*map(set, results))
        return set(flatten(results))

    def get_wu_palmer_measure(self, cls1, cls2):
        """Return Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity.

        Returns Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity between
        two concepts.
        Wu, Palmer; ACL 94: Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on
        Association for Computational Linguistics, June 1994.
        """
        cca = self.closest_common_ancestor(cls1, cls2)
        ccadepth = self.number_of_generations(cca, self.Thing)
        generations1 = self.number_of_generations(cls1, cca)
        generations2 = self.number_of_generations(cls2, cca)
        return 2 * ccadepth / (generations1 + generations2 + 2 * ccadepth)

    def new_entity(
        self, name: str, parent: Union[ThingClass, Iterable]
    ) -> ThingClass:
        """Create and return new entity

        Makes a new entity in the ontology with given parent(s).
        Return the new entity.

        Throws exception if name consists of more than one word.
        """
        if len(name.split(" ")) > 1:
            raise LabelDefinitionError(
                f"Error in label name definition '{name}': "
                f"Label consists of more than one word."
            )
        parents = tuple(parent) if isinstance(parent, Iterable) else (parent,)
        for thing in parents:
            if not isinstance(thing, owlready2.ThingClass):
                raise ThingClassDefinitionError(
                    f"Error in parent definition: "
                    f"'{thing}' is not an owlready2.ThingClass."
                )

        with self:
            entity = types.new_class(name, parents)
        return entity

__eq__(other)

Checks if this ontology is equal to other.

This function compares the result of set(self.get_unabbreviated_triples(label='_:b')), i.e. blank nodes are not distinguished, but relations to blank nodes are included.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def __eq__(self, other):
    """Checks if this ontology is equal to `other`.

    This function compares the result of
    ``set(self.get_unabbreviated_triples(label='_:b'))``,
    i.e. blank nodes are not distinguished, but relations to blank
    nodes are included.
    """
    return set(self.get_unabbreviated_triples(label="_:b")) == set(
        other.get_unabbreviated_triples(label="_:b")
    )

__hash__()

Returns a hash based on base_iri. This is done to keep Ontology hashable when defining eq.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def __hash__(self):
    """Returns a hash based on base_iri.
    This is done to keep Ontology hashable when defining __eq__.
    """
    return hash(self.base_iri)

_load(only_local=False, filename=None, format=None, reload=None, reload_if_newer=False, url_from_catalog=None, catalog_file='catalog-v001.xml', **kwargs)

Help function for load().

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def _load(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-locals,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
    self,
    only_local=False,
    filename=None,
    format=None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
    reload=None,
    reload_if_newer=False,
    url_from_catalog=None,
    catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
    **kwargs,
):
    """Help function for load()."""
    web_protocol = "http://", "https://", "ftp://"

    url = filename if filename else self.base_iri.rstrip("/#")
    if url.startswith(web_protocol):
        baseurl = os.path.dirname(url)
        catalogurl = baseurl + "/" + catalog_file
    else:
        if url.startswith("file://"):
            url = url[7:]
        url = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(url))
        baseurl = os.path.dirname(url)
        catalogurl = os.path.join(baseurl, catalog_file)

    def getmtime(path):
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return os.path.getmtime(path)
        return 0.0

    # Resolve url from catalog file
    iris = {}
    dirs = set()
    if url_from_catalog or url_from_catalog is None:
        not_reload = not reload and (
            not reload_if_newer
            or getmtime(catalogurl)
            > self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl][0]
        )
        # get iris from catalog already in cached catalogs
        if catalogurl in self.world._cached_catalogs and not_reload:
            _, iris, dirs = self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl]
        # do not update cached_catalogs if url already in _iri_mappings
        # and reload not forced
        elif url in self.world._iri_mappings and not_reload:
            pass
        # update iris from current catalogurl
        else:
            try:
                iris, dirs = read_catalog(
                    uri=catalogurl,
                    recursive=False,
                    return_paths=True,
                    catalog_file=catalog_file,
                )
            except ReadCatalogError:
                if url_from_catalog is not None:
                    raise
                self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl] = (0.0, {}, set())
            else:
                self.world._cached_catalogs[catalogurl] = (
                    getmtime(catalogurl),
                    iris,
                    dirs,
                )
        self.world._iri_mappings.update(iris)
    resolved_url = self.world._iri_mappings.get(url, url)

    # Append paths from catalog file to onto_path
    for _ in sorted(dirs, reverse=True):
        if _ not in owlready2.onto_path:
            owlready2.onto_path.append(_)

    # Use catalog file to update IRIs of imported ontologies
    # in internal store and try to load again...
    if self.world._iri_mappings:
        for abbrev_iri in self.world._get_obj_triples_sp_o(
            self.storid, owlready2.owl_imports
        ):
            iri = self._unabbreviate(abbrev_iri)
            if iri in self.world._iri_mappings:
                self._del_obj_triple_spo(
                    self.storid, owlready2.owl_imports, abbrev_iri
                )
                self._add_obj_triple_spo(
                    self.storid,
                    owlready2.owl_imports,
                    self._abbreviate(self.world._iri_mappings[iri]),
                )

    # Load ontology
    try:
        self.loaded = False
        fmt = format if format else guess_format(resolved_url, fmap=FMAP)
        if fmt and fmt not in OWLREADY2_FORMATS:
            # Convert filename to rdfxml before passing it to owlready2
            graph = rdflib.Graph()
            graph.parse(resolved_url, format=fmt)
            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as handle:
                graph.serialize(destination=handle, format="xml")
                handle.seek(0)
                return super().load(
                    only_local=True,
                    fileobj=handle,
                    reload=reload,
                    reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                    format="rdfxml",
                    **kwargs,
                )
        elif resolved_url.startswith(web_protocol):
            return super().load(
                only_local=only_local,
                reload=reload,
                reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                **kwargs,
            )

        else:
            with open(resolved_url, "rb") as handle:
                return super().load(
                    only_local=only_local,
                    fileobj=handle,
                    reload=reload,
                    reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                    **kwargs,
                )
    except owlready2.OwlReadyOntologyParsingError:
        # Owlready2 is not able to parse the ontology - most
        # likely because imported ontologies must be resolved
        # using the catalog file.

        # Reraise if we don't want to read from the catalog file
        if not url_from_catalog and url_from_catalog is not None:
            raise

        warnings.warn(
            "Recovering from Owlready2 parsing error... might be deprecated"
        )

        # Copy the ontology into a local folder and try again
        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as handle:
            output = os.path.join(handle, os.path.basename(resolved_url))
            convert_imported(
                input_ontology=resolved_url,
                output_ontology=output,
                input_format=fmt,
                output_format="xml",
                url_from_catalog=url_from_catalog,
                catalog_file=catalog_file,
            )

            self.loaded = False
            with open(output, "rb") as handle:
                return super().load(
                    only_local=True,
                    fileobj=handle,
                    reload=reload,
                    reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
                    format="rdfxml",
                    **kwargs,
                )

_number_of_generations(descendant, ancestor, counter)

Recursive help function to number_of_generations(), return distance between a ancestor-descendant pair (counter+1).

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def _number_of_generations(self, descendant, ancestor, counter):
    """Recursive help function to number_of_generations(), return
    distance between a ancestor-descendant pair (counter+1)."""
    if descendant.name == ancestor.name:
        return counter
    try:
        return min(
            self._number_of_generations(parent, ancestor, counter + 1)
            for parent in descendant.get_parents()
            if ancestor in parent.ancestors()
        )
    except ValueError:
        return counter

add_label_annotation(iri)

Adds label annotation used by get_by_label().

May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def add_label_annotation(self, iri):
    """Adds label annotation used by get_by_label().

    May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.
    """
    label_annotation = iri if hasattr(iri, "storid") else self.world[iri]
    if not label_annotation:
        raise ValueError(f"IRI not in ontology: {iri}")
    if label_annotation not in self._label_annotations:
        self._label_annotations.append(label_annotation)

annotation_properties(imported=False)

Returns a generator iterating over all annotation properties defined in the current ontology.

If imported is true, annotation properties in imported ontologies will also be included.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def annotation_properties(self, imported=False):
    """Returns a generator iterating over all annotation properties
    defined in the current ontology.

    If `imported` is true, annotation properties in imported ontologies
    will also be included.
    """
    if imported:
        return self.world.annotation_properties()
    return super().annotation_properties()

classes(imported=False)

Returns an generator over all classes.

If imported is True, will imported classes are also returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def classes(self, imported=False):
    """Returns an generator over all classes.

    If `imported` is `True`, will imported classes are also returned.
    """
    if imported:
        return self.world.classes()
    return super().classes()

closest_common_ancestor(*classes) staticmethod

Returns closest_common_ancestor for the given classes.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

@staticmethod
def closest_common_ancestor(*classes):
    """Returns closest_common_ancestor for the given classes."""
    mros = [cls.mro() for cls in classes]
    track = defaultdict(int)
    while mros:
        for mro in mros:
            cur = mro.pop(0)
            track[cur] += 1
            if track[cur] == len(classes):
                return cur
            if len(mro) == 0:
                mros.remove(mro)
    raise Exception("A closest common ancestor should always exist !")

closest_common_ancestors(cls1, cls2)

Returns a list with closest_common_ancestor for cls1 and cls2

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def closest_common_ancestors(self, cls1, cls2):
    """Returns a list with closest_common_ancestor for cls1 and cls2"""
    distances = {}
    for ancestor in self.common_ancestors(cls1, cls2):
        distances[ancestor] = self.number_of_generations(
            cls1, ancestor
        ) + self.number_of_generations(cls2, ancestor)
    return [
        ancestor
        for ancestor, distance in distances.items()
        if distance == min(distances.values())
    ]

common_ancestors(cls1, cls2) staticmethod

Return a list of common ancestors for cls1 and cls2.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

@staticmethod
def common_ancestors(cls1, cls2):
    """Return a list of common ancestors for `cls1` and `cls2`."""
    return set(cls1.ancestors()).intersection(cls2.ancestors())

data_properties(imported=False)

Returns an generator over all data properties.

If imported is true, will imported data properties are also returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def data_properties(self, imported=False):
    """Returns an generator over all data properties.

    If `imported` is true, will imported data properties are also
    returned.
    """
    if imported:
        return self.world.data_properties()
    return super().data_properties()

get_ancestors(classes, include='all', strict=True)

Return ancestors of all classes in classes. classes to be provided as list

The values of include may be: - None: ignore this argument - "all": Include all ancestors. - "closest": Include all ancestors up to the closest common ancestor of all classes. - int: Include this number of ancestor levels. Here include may be an integer or a string that can be converted to int.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_ancestors(self, classes, include="all", strict=True):
    """Return ancestors of all classes in `classes`.
    classes to be provided as list

    The values of `include` may be:
      - None: ignore this argument
      - "all": Include all ancestors.
      - "closest": Include all ancestors up to the closest common
        ancestor of all classes.
      - int: Include this number of ancestor levels.  Here `include`
        may be an integer or a string that can be converted to int.
    """
    ancestors = set()
    if not classes:
        return ancestors

    def addancestors(entity, counter, subject):
        if counter > 0:
            for parent in entity.get_parents(strict=True):
                subject.add(parent)
                addancestors(parent, counter - 1, subject)

    if isinstance(include, str) and include.isdigit():
        include = int(include)

    if include == "all":
        ancestors.update(*(_.ancestors() for _ in classes))
    elif include == "closest":
        closest = self.closest_common_ancestor(*classes)
        for cls in classes:
            ancestors.update(
                _ for _ in cls.ancestors() if closest in _.ancestors()
            )
    elif isinstance(include, int):
        for entity in classes:
            addancestors(entity, int(include), ancestors)
    elif include not in (None, "None", "none", ""):
        raise ValueError('include must be "all", "closest" or None')

    if strict:
        return ancestors.difference(classes)
    return ancestors

get_annotations(entity)

Returns a dict with annotations for entity. Entity may be given either as a ThingClass object or as a label.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_annotations(self, entity):
    """Returns a dict with annotations for `entity`.  Entity may be given
    either as a ThingClass object or as a label."""
    warnings.warn(
        "Ontology.get_annotations(entity) is deprecated. Use "
        "entity.get_annotations() instead.",
        DeprecationWarning,
    )

    if isinstance(entity, str):
        entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
    res = {"comment": getattr(entity, "comment", "")}
    for annotation in self.annotation_properties():
        res[annotation.label.first()] = [
            obj.strip('"')
            for _, _, obj in self.get_triples(
                entity.storid, annotation.storid, None
            )
        ]
    return res

get_branch(root, leafs=(), include_leafs=True, strict_leafs=False, exclude=None, sort=False)

Returns a set with all direct and indirect subclasses of root. Any subclass found in the sequence leafs will be included in the returned list, but its subclasses will not. The elements of leafs may be ThingClass objects or labels.

Subclasses of any subclass found in the sequence leafs will be excluded from the returned list, where the elements of leafs may be ThingClass objects or labels.

If include_leafs is true, the leafs are included in the returned list, otherwise they are not.

If strict_leafs is true, any descendant of a leaf will be excluded in the returned set.

If given, exclude may be a sequence of classes, including their subclasses, to exclude from the output.

If sort is True, a list sorted according to depth and label will be returned instead of a set.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_branch(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
    self,
    root,
    leafs=(),
    include_leafs=True,
    strict_leafs=False,
    exclude=None,
    sort=False,
):
    """Returns a set with all direct and indirect subclasses of `root`.
    Any subclass found in the sequence `leafs` will be included in
    the returned list, but its subclasses will not.  The elements
    of `leafs` may be ThingClass objects or labels.

    Subclasses of any subclass found in the sequence `leafs` will
    be excluded from the returned list, where the elements of `leafs`
    may be ThingClass objects or labels.

    If `include_leafs` is true, the leafs are included in the returned
    list, otherwise they are not.

    If `strict_leafs` is true, any descendant of a leaf will be excluded
    in the returned set.

    If given, `exclude` may be a sequence of classes, including
    their subclasses, to exclude from the output.

    If `sort` is True, a list sorted according to depth and label
    will be returned instead of a set.
    """

    def _branch(root, leafs):
        if root not in leafs:
            branch = {
                root,
            }
            for cls in root.subclasses():
                # Defining a branch is actually quite tricky.  Consider
                # the case:
                #
                #      L isA R
                #      A isA L
                #      A isA R
                #
                # where R is the root, L is a leaf and A is a direct
                # child of both.  Logically, since A is a child of the
                # leaf we want to skip A.  But a strait forward imple-
                # mentation will see that A is a child of the root and
                # include it.  Requireing that the R should be a strict
                # parent of A solves this.
                if root in cls.get_parents(strict=True):
                    branch.update(_branch(cls, leafs))
        else:
            branch = (
                {
                    root,
                }
                if include_leafs
                else set()
            )
        return branch

    if isinstance(root, str):
        root = self.get_by_label(root)

    leafs = set(
        self.get_by_label(leaf) if isinstance(leaf, str) else leaf
        for leaf in leafs
    )
    leafs.discard(root)

    if exclude:
        exclude = set(
            self.get_by_label(e) if isinstance(e, str) else e
            for e in exclude
        )
        leafs.update(exclude)

    branch = _branch(root, leafs)

    # Exclude all descendants of any leaf
    if strict_leafs:
        descendants = root.descendants()
        for leaf in leafs:
            if leaf in descendants:
                branch.difference_update(
                    leaf.descendants(include_self=False)
                )

    if exclude:
        branch.difference_update(exclude)

    # Sort according to depth, then by label
    if sort:
        branch = sorted(
            sorted(branch, key=asstring),
            key=lambda x: len(x.mro()),
        )

    return branch

get_by_label(label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None)

Returns entity with label annotation label.

label_annotations is a sequence of label annotation names to look up. Defaults to the label_annotations property.

If namespace is provided, it should be the last component of the base iri of an ontology (with trailing slash (/) or hash (#) stripped off). The search for a matching label will be limited to this namespace.

If several entities have the same label, only the one which is found first is returned.Use get_by_label_all() to get all matches.

A NoSuchLabelError is raised if label cannot be found.

Note

The current implementation also supports "*" as a wildcard matching any number of characters. This may change in the future.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_by_label(
    self, label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None
):  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,too-many-branches
    """Returns entity with label annotation `label`.

    `label_annotations` is a sequence of label annotation names to look up.
    Defaults to the `label_annotations` property.

    If `namespace` is provided, it should be the last component of
    the base iri of an ontology (with trailing slash (/) or hash
    (#) stripped off).  The search for a matching label will be
    limited to this namespace.

    If several entities have the same label, only the one which is
    found first is returned.Use get_by_label_all() to get all matches.

    A NoSuchLabelError is raised if `label` cannot be found.

    Note
    ----
    The current implementation also supports "*" as a wildcard
    matching any number of characters. This may change in the future.
    """
    if not isinstance(label, str):
        raise TypeError(
            f"Invalid label definition, must be a string: {label!r}"
        )
    if " " in label:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Invalid label definition, {label!r} contains spaces."
        )

    if "namespaces" in self.__dict__:
        if namespace:
            if namespace in self.namespaces:
                for entity in self.get_by_label_all(
                    label, label_annotations=label_annotations
                ):
                    if entity.namespace == self.namespaces[namespace]:
                        return entity
            raise NoSuchLabelError(
                f"No label annotations matches {label!r} in namespace "
                f"{namespace!r}"
            )
        if label in self.namespaces:
            return self.namespaces[label]

    if label_annotations is None:
        annotations = (a.name for a in self.label_annotations)
    else:
        annotations = (
            a.name if hasattr(a, "storid") else a for a in label_annotations
        )
    for key in annotations:
        entity = self.search_one(**{key: label})
        if entity:
            return entity

    if self._special_labels and label in self._special_labels:
        return self._special_labels[label]

    entity = self.world[self.base_iri + label]
    if entity:
        return entity

    raise NoSuchLabelError(f"No label annotations matches {label!r}")

get_by_label_all(label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None)

Like get_by_label(), but returns a list with all matching labels.

Returns an empty list if no matches could be found.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_by_label_all(self, label, label_annotations=None, namespace=None):
    """Like get_by_label(), but returns a list with all matching labels.

    Returns an empty list if no matches could be found.
    """
    if not isinstance(label, str):
        raise TypeError(
            f"Invalid label definition, " f"must be a string: {label!r}"
        )
    if " " in label:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Invalid label definition, {label!r} contains spaces."
        )

    if label_annotations is None:
        annotations = (_.name for _ in self.label_annotations)
    else:
        annotations = (
            _.name if hasattr(_, "storid") else _ for _ in label_annotations
        )
    entity = self.world.search(**{annotations.__next__(): label})
    for key in annotations:
        entity.extend(self.world.search(**{key: label}))
    if self._special_labels and label in self._special_labels:
        entity.append(self._special_labels[label])
    if namespace:
        return [_ for _ in entity if _.namespace.name == namespace]
    return entity

get_descendants(classes, common=False, generations=None)

Return descendants/subclasses of all classes in classes.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
classes	Union[List, ThingClass]	to be provided as list.	required
common	bool	whether to only return descendants common to all classes.	False
generations	int	Include this number of generations, default is all.	None

Returns:

Type	Description
set	A set of descendants for given number of generations.
set	If 'common'=True, the common descendants are returned
set	within the specified number of generations.
set	'generations' defaults to all.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_descendants(
    self,
    classes: "Union[List, ThingClass]",
    common: bool = False,
    generations: int = None,
) -> set:
    """Return descendants/subclasses of all classes in `classes`.
    Args:
        classes: to be provided as list.
        common: whether to only return descendants common to all classes.
        generations: Include this number of generations, default is all.
    Returns:
        A set of descendants for given number of generations.
        If 'common'=True, the common descendants are returned
        within the specified number of generations.
        'generations' defaults to all.
    """

    if not isinstance(classes, Sequence):
        classes = [classes]

    descendants = {name: [] for name in classes}

    def _children_recursively(num, newentity, parent, descendants):
        """Helper function to get all children up to generation."""
        for child in self.get_children_of(newentity):
            descendants[parent].append(child)
            if num < generations:
                _children_recursively(num + 1, child, parent, descendants)

    if generations == 0:
        return set()

    if not generations:
        for entity in classes:
            descendants[entity] = entity.descendants()
            # only include proper descendants
            descendants[entity].remove(entity)
    else:
        for entity in classes:
            _children_recursively(1, entity, entity, descendants)

    results = descendants.values()
    if common is True:
        return set.intersection(*map(set, results))
    return set(flatten(results))

get_entities(imported=True, classes=True, individuals=True, object_properties=True, data_properties=True, annotation_properties=True)

Return a generator over (optionally) all classes, individuals, object_properties, data_properties and annotation_properties.

If imported is True, entities in imported ontologies will also be included.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_entities(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
    self,
    imported=True,
    classes=True,
    individuals=True,
    object_properties=True,
    data_properties=True,
    annotation_properties=True,
):
    """Return a generator over (optionally) all classes, individuals,
    object_properties, data_properties and annotation_properties.

    If `imported` is `True`, entities in imported ontologies will also
    be included.
    """
    generator = []
    if classes:
        generator.append(self.classes(imported))
    if individuals:
        generator.append(self.individuals(imported))
    if object_properties:
        generator.append(self.object_properties(imported))
    if data_properties:
        generator.append(self.data_properties(imported))
    if annotation_properties:
        generator.append(self.annotation_properties(imported))
    for entity in itertools.chain(*generator):
        yield entity

get_graph(**kwargs)

Returns a new graph object. See emmo.graph.OntoGraph.

Note that this method requires the Python graphviz package.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_graph(self, **kwargs):
    """Returns a new graph object.  See  emmo.graph.OntoGraph.

    Note that this method requires the Python graphviz package.
    """
    # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel,cyclic-import
    from ontopy.graph import OntoGraph as NewOntoGraph

    return NewOntoGraph(self, **kwargs)

get_imported_ontologies(recursive=False)

Return a list with imported ontologies.

If recursive is True, ontologies imported by imported ontologies are also returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_imported_ontologies(self, recursive=False):
    """Return a list with imported ontologies.

    If `recursive` is `True`, ontologies imported by imported ontologies
    are also returned.
    """

    def rec_imported(onto):
        for ontology in onto.imported_ontologies:
            if ontology not in imported:
                imported.add(ontology)
                rec_imported(ontology)

    if recursive:
        imported = set()
        rec_imported(self)
        return list(imported)

    return self.imported_ontologies

get_relations()

Returns a generator for all relations.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_relations(self):
    """Returns a generator for all relations."""
    warnings.warn(
        "Ontology.get_relations() is deprecated. Use "
        "onto.object_properties() instead.",
        DeprecationWarning,
    )
    return self.object_properties()

get_root_classes(imported=False)

Returns a list or root classes.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_root_classes(self, imported=False):
    """Returns a list or root classes."""
    return [
        cls
        for cls in self.classes(imported=imported)
        if not cls.ancestors().difference(set([cls, owlready2.Thing]))
    ]

get_root_data_properties(imported=False)

Returns a list of root object properties.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_root_data_properties(self, imported=False):
    """Returns a list of root object properties."""
    props = set(self.data_properties(imported=imported))
    return [p for p in props if not props.intersection(p.is_a)]

get_root_object_properties(imported=False)

Returns a list of root object properties.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_root_object_properties(self, imported=False):
    """Returns a list of root object properties."""
    props = set(self.object_properties(imported=imported))
    return [p for p in props if not props.intersection(p.is_a)]

get_roots(imported=False)

Returns all class, object_property and data_property roots.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_roots(self, imported=False):
    """Returns all class, object_property and data_property roots."""
    roots = self.get_root_classes(imported=imported)
    roots.extend(self.get_root_object_properties(imported=imported))
    roots.extend(self.get_root_data_properties(imported=imported))
    return roots

get_unabbreviated_triples(label=None)

Returns all triples unabbreviated.

If label is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label=None):
    """Returns all triples unabbreviated.

    If `label` is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.
    """
    return World.get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label)

get_version(as_iri=False)

Returns the version number of the ontology as inferred from the owl:versionIRI tag or, if owl:versionIRI is not found, from owl:versionINFO.

If as_iri is True, the full versionIRI is returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_version(self, as_iri=False) -> str:
    """Returns the version number of the ontology as inferred from the
    owl:versionIRI tag or, if owl:versionIRI is not found, from
    owl:versionINFO.

    If `as_iri` is True, the full versionIRI is returned.
    """
    version_iri_storid = self.world._abbreviate(
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionIRI"
    )
    tokens = self.get_triples(s=self.storid, p=version_iri_storid)
    if (not tokens) and (as_iri is True):
        raise TypeError(
            "No owl:versionIRI "
            f"in Ontology {self.base_iri!r}. "
            "Search for owl:versionInfo with as_iri=False"
        )
    if tokens:
        _, _, obj = tokens[0]
        version_iri = self.world._unabbreviate(obj)
        if as_iri:
            return version_iri
        return infer_version(self.base_iri, version_iri)

    version_info_storid = self.world._abbreviate(
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo"
    )
    tokens = self.get_triples(s=self.storid, p=version_info_storid)
    if not tokens:
        raise TypeError(
            "No versionIRI or versionInfo " f"in Ontology {self.base_iri!r}"
        )
    _, _, version_info = tokens[0]
    return version_info.strip('"').strip("'")

get_wu_palmer_measure(cls1, cls2)

Return Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity.

Returns Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity between two concepts. Wu, Palmer; ACL 94: Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, June 1994.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_wu_palmer_measure(self, cls1, cls2):
    """Return Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity.

    Returns Wu-Palmer measure for semantic similarity between
    two concepts.
    Wu, Palmer; ACL 94: Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on
    Association for Computational Linguistics, June 1994.
    """
    cca = self.closest_common_ancestor(cls1, cls2)
    ccadepth = self.number_of_generations(cca, self.Thing)
    generations1 = self.number_of_generations(cls1, cca)
    generations2 = self.number_of_generations(cls2, cca)
    return 2 * ccadepth / (generations1 + generations2 + 2 * ccadepth)

individuals(imported=False)

Returns an generator over all individuals.

If imported is True, will imported individuals are also returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def individuals(self, imported=False):
    """Returns an generator over all individuals.

    If `imported` is `True`, will imported individuals are also returned.
    """
    if imported:
        return self.world.individuals()
    return super().individuals()

is_defined(entity)

Returns true if the entity is a defined class.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def is_defined(self, entity):
    """Returns true if the entity is a defined class."""
    if isinstance(entity, str):
        entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
    return hasattr(entity, "equivalent_to") and bool(entity.equivalent_to)

is_individual(entity)

Returns true if entity is an individual.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def is_individual(self, entity):
    """Returns true if entity is an individual."""
    if isinstance(entity, str):
        entity = self.get_by_label(entity)
    return isinstance(entity, owlready2.Thing)

load(only_local=False, filename=None, format=None, reload=None, reload_if_newer=False, url_from_catalog=None, catalog_file='catalog-v001.xml', emmo_based=True, **kwargs)

Load the ontology.

Parameters

bool

Whether to only read local files. This requires that you have appended the path to the ontology to owlready2.onto_path.

str

Path to file to load the ontology from. Defaults to base_iri provided to get_ontology().

str

Format of filename. Default is inferred from filename extension.

bool

Whether to reload the ontology if it is already loaded.

bool

Whether to reload the ontology if the source has changed since last time it was loaded.

bool | None

Whether to use catalog file to resolve the location of base_iri. If None, the catalog file is used if it exists in the same directory as filename.

str

Name of Protègè catalog file in the same folder as the ontology. This option is used together with only_local and defaults to "catalog-v001.xml".

bool

Whether this is an EMMO-based ontology or not, default True.

kwargs Additional keyword arguments are passed on to owlready2.Ontology.load().

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def load(  # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments,arguments-renamed
    self,
    only_local=False,
    filename=None,
    format=None,  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
    reload=None,
    reload_if_newer=False,
    url_from_catalog=None,
    catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
    emmo_based=True,
    **kwargs,
):
    """Load the ontology.

    Parameters
    ----------
    only_local : bool
        Whether to only read local files.  This requires that you
        have appended the path to the ontology to owlready2.onto_path.
    filename : str
        Path to file to load the ontology from.  Defaults to `base_iri`
        provided to get_ontology().
    format : str
        Format of `filename`.  Default is inferred from `filename`
        extension.
    reload : bool
        Whether to reload the ontology if it is already loaded.
    reload_if_newer : bool
        Whether to reload the ontology if the source has changed since
        last time it was loaded.
    url_from_catalog : bool | None
        Whether to use catalog file to resolve the location of `base_iri`.
        If None, the catalog file is used if it exists in the same
        directory as `filename`.
    catalog_file : str
        Name of Protègè catalog file in the same folder as the
        ontology.  This option is used together with `only_local` and
        defaults to "catalog-v001.xml".
    emmo_based : bool
        Whether this is an EMMO-based ontology or not, default `True`.
    kwargs
        Additional keyword arguments are passed on to
        owlready2.Ontology.load().
    """
    # TODO: make sure that `only_local` argument is respected...

    if self.loaded:
        return self
    self._load(
        only_local=only_local,
        filename=filename,
        format=format,
        reload=reload,
        reload_if_newer=reload_if_newer,
        url_from_catalog=url_from_catalog,
        catalog_file=catalog_file,
        **kwargs,
    )

    # Enable optimised search by get_by_label()
    if self._special_labels is None and emmo_based:
        for iri in DEFAULT_LABEL_ANNOTATIONS:
            self.add_label_annotation(iri)
        top = self.world["http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#topObjectProperty"]
        self._special_labels = {
            "Thing": owlready2.Thing,
            "Nothing": owlready2.Nothing,
            "topObjectProperty": top,
            "owl:Thing": owlready2.Thing,
            "owl:Nothing": owlready2.Nothing,
            "owl:topObjectProperty": top,
        }

    return self

new_entity(name, parent)

Create and return new entity

Makes a new entity in the ontology with given parent(s). Return the new entity.

Throws exception if name consists of more than one word.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def new_entity(
    self, name: str, parent: Union[ThingClass, Iterable]
) -> ThingClass:
    """Create and return new entity

    Makes a new entity in the ontology with given parent(s).
    Return the new entity.

    Throws exception if name consists of more than one word.
    """
    if len(name.split(" ")) > 1:
        raise LabelDefinitionError(
            f"Error in label name definition '{name}': "
            f"Label consists of more than one word."
        )
    parents = tuple(parent) if isinstance(parent, Iterable) else (parent,)
    for thing in parents:
        if not isinstance(thing, owlready2.ThingClass):
            raise ThingClassDefinitionError(
                f"Error in parent definition: "
                f"'{thing}' is not an owlready2.ThingClass."
            )

    with self:
        entity = types.new_class(name, parents)
    return entity

number_of_generations(descendant, ancestor)

Return shortest distance from ancestor to descendant

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def number_of_generations(self, descendant, ancestor):
    """Return shortest distance from ancestor to descendant"""
    if ancestor not in descendant.ancestors():
        raise ValueError("Descendant is not a descendant of ancestor")
    return self._number_of_generations(descendant, ancestor, 0)

object_properties(imported=False)

Returns an generator over all object properties.

If imported is true, will imported object properties are also returned.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def object_properties(self, imported=False):
    """Returns an generator over all object properties.

    If `imported` is true, will imported object properties are also
    returned.
    """
    if imported:
        return self.world.object_properties()
    return super().object_properties()

remove_label_annotation(iri)

Removes label annotation used by get_by_label().

May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def remove_label_annotation(self, iri):
    """Removes label annotation used by get_by_label().

    May be provided either as an IRI or as its owlready2 representation.
    """
    label_annotation = iri if hasattr(iri, "storid") else self.world[iri]
    if not label_annotation:
        raise ValueError(f"IRI not in ontology: {iri}")
    self._label_annotations.remove(label_annotation)

rename_entities(annotations=('prefLabel', 'label', 'altLabel'))

Set name of all entities to the first non-empty annotation in annotations.

Warning, this method changes all IRIs in the ontology. However, it may be useful to make the ontology more readable and to work with it together with a triple store.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def rename_entities(
    self,
    annotations=("prefLabel", "label", "altLabel"),
):
    """Set `name` of all entities to the first non-empty annotation in
    `annotations`.

    Warning, this method changes all IRIs in the ontology.  However,
    it may be useful to make the ontology more readable and to work
    with it together with a triple store.
    """
    for entity in self.get_entities():
        for annotation in annotations:
            if hasattr(entity, annotation):
                name = getattr(entity, annotation).first()
                if name:
                    entity.name = name
                    break

save(filename=None, format=None, dir='.', mkdir=False, overwrite=False, recursive=False, squash=False, write_catalog_file=False, append_catalog=False, catalog_file='catalog-v001.xml')

Writes the ontology to file.

Parameters

None | str | Path

Name of file to write to. If None, it defaults to the name of the ontology with format as file extension.

str

Output format. The default is to infer it from filename.

str | Path

If filename is a relative path, it is a relative path to dir.

bool

Whether to create output directory if it does not exists.

bool

If true and filename exists, remove the existing file before saving. The default is to append to an existing ontology.

bool

Whether to save imported ontologies recursively. This is commonly combined with filename=None, dir and mkdir.

bool

If true, rdflib will be used to save the current ontology together with all its sub-ontologies into filename. It make no sense to combine this with recursive.

bool

Whether to also write a catalog file to disk.

bool

Whether to append to an existing catalog file.

str | Path

Name of catalog file. If not an absolute path, it is prepended to dir.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def save(
    self,
    filename=None,
    format=None,
    dir=".",
    mkdir=False,
    overwrite=False,
    recursive=False,
    squash=False,
    write_catalog_file=False,
    append_catalog=False,
    catalog_file="catalog-v001.xml",
):
    """Writes the ontology to file.

    Parameters
    ----------
    filename: None | str | Path
        Name of file to write to.  If None, it defaults to the name
        of the ontology with `format` as file extension.
    format: str
        Output format. The default is to infer it from `filename`.
    dir: str | Path
        If `filename` is a relative path, it is a relative path to `dir`.
    mkdir: bool
        Whether to create output directory if it does not exists.
    owerwrite: bool
        If true and `filename` exists, remove the existing file before
        saving.  The default is to append to an existing ontology.
    recursive: bool
        Whether to save imported ontologies recursively.  This is
        commonly combined with `filename=None`, `dir` and `mkdir`.
    squash: bool
        If true, rdflib will be used to save the current ontology
        together with all its sub-ontologies into `filename`.
        It make no sense to combine this with `recursive`.
    write_catalog_file: bool
        Whether to also write a catalog file to disk.
    append_catalog: bool
        Whether to append to an existing catalog file.
    catalog_file: str | Path
        Name of catalog file.  If not an absolute path, it is prepended
        to `dir`.
    """
    # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin,too-many-arguments
    # pylint: disable=too-many-statements,too-many-branches
    # pylint: disable=too-many-locals,arguments-renamed
    if not _validate_installed_version(
        package="rdflib", min_version="6.0.0"
    ) and format == FMAP.get("ttl", ""):
        from rdflib import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
            __version__ as __rdflib_version__,
        )

        warnings.warn(
            IncompatibleVersion(
                "To correctly convert to Turtle format, rdflib must be "
                "version 6.0.0 or greater, however, the detected rdflib "
                "version used by your Python interpreter is "
                f"{__rdflib_version__!r}. For more information see the "
                "'Known issues' section of the README."
            )
        )

    revmap = {value: key for key, value in FMAP.items()}

    if filename is None:
        if format:
            fmt = revmap.get(format, format)
            filename = f"{self.name}.{fmt}"
        else:
            TypeError("`filename` and `format` cannot both be None.")
    filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
    dir = Path(filename).resolve().parent

    if mkdir:
        outdir = Path(filename).parent.resolve()
        if not outdir.exists():
            outdir.mkdir(parents=True)

    if not format:
        format = guess_format(filename, fmap=FMAP)
    fmt = revmap.get(format, format)

    if overwrite and filename and os.path.exists(filename):
        os.remove(filename)

    EMMO = rdflib.Namespace(  # pylint:disable=invalid-name
        "http://emmo.info/emmo#"
    )

    if recursive:
        if squash:
            raise ValueError(
                "`recursive` and `squash` should not both be true"
            )
        base = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
        for onto in self.imported_ontologies:
            obase = onto.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
            newdir = Path(dir) / os.path.relpath(obase, base)
            onto.save(
                filename=None,
                format=format,
                dir=newdir.resolve(),
                mkdir=mkdir,
                overwrite=overwrite,
                recursive=recursive,
                squash=squash,
                write_catalog_file=write_catalog_file,
                append_catalog=append_catalog,
                catalog_file=catalog_file,
            )

    if squash:
        from rdflib import (  # pylint:disable=import-outside-toplevel
            URIRef,
            RDF,
            OWL,
        )

        graph = self.world.as_rdflib_graph()
        graph.namespace_manager.bind("emmo", EMMO)

        # Remove anonymous namespace and imports
        graph.remove((URIRef("http://anonymous"), RDF.type, OWL.Ontology))
        imports = list(graph.triples((None, OWL.imports, None)))
        for triple in imports:
            graph.remove(triple)

        graph.serialize(destination=filename, format=format)
    elif format in OWLREADY2_FORMATS:
        super().save(file=filename, format=fmt)
    else:
        # The try-finally clause is needed for cleanup and because
        # we have to provide delete=False to NamedTemporaryFile
        # since Windows does not allow to reopen an already open
        # file.
        try:
            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                suffix=".owl", delete=False
            ) as handle:
                tmpfile = handle.name
            super().save(tmpfile, format="rdfxml")
            graph = rdflib.Graph()
            graph.parse(tmpfile, format="xml")
            graph.serialize(destination=filename, format=format)
        finally:
            os.remove(tmpfile)

    if write_catalog_file:
        mappings = {}
        base = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/")

        def append(onto):
            obase = onto.base_iri.rstrip("#/")
            newdir = Path(dir) / os.path.relpath(obase, base)
            newpath = newdir.resolve() / f"{onto.name}.{fmt}"
            relpath = os.path.relpath(newpath, dir)
            mappings[onto.get_version(as_iri=True)] = str(relpath)
            for imported in onto.imported_ontologies:
                append(imported)

        if recursive:
            append(self)
        write_catalog(
            mappings, output=catalog_file, dir=dir, append=append_catalog
        )

set_version(version=None, version_iri=None)

Assign version to ontology by asigning owl:versionIRI.

If version but not version_iri is provided, the version IRI will be the combination of base_iri and version.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def set_version(self, version=None, version_iri=None):
    """Assign version to ontology by asigning owl:versionIRI.

    If `version` but not `version_iri` is provided, the version
    IRI will be the combination of `base_iri` and `version`.
    """
    _version_iri = "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionIRI"
    version_iri_storid = self.world._abbreviate(_version_iri)
    if self._has_obj_triple_spo(  # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
        # For some reason _has_obj_triples_spo exists in both
        # owlready2.namespace.Namespace (with arguments subject/predicate)
        # and in owlready2.triplelite._GraphManager (with arguments s/p)
        # owlready2.Ontology inherits from Namespace directly
        # and pylint checks that.
        # It actually accesses the one in triplelite.
        # subject=self.storid, predicate=version_iri_storid
        s=self.storid,
        p=version_iri_storid,
    ):
        self._del_obj_triple_spo(s=self.storid, p=version_iri_storid)

    if not version_iri:
        if not version:
            raise TypeError(
                "Either `version` or `version_iri` must be provided"
            )
        head, tail = self.base_iri.rstrip("#/").rsplit("/", 1)
        version_iri = "/".join([head, version, tail])

    self._add_obj_triple_spo(
        s=self.storid,
        p=self.world._abbreviate(_version_iri),
        o=self.world._abbreviate(version_iri),
    )

sync_attributes(name_policy=None, name_prefix='', class_docstring='comment', sync_imported=False)

This method is intended to be called after you have added new classes (typically via Python) to make sure that attributes like label and comments are defined.

If a class, object property, data property or annotation property in the current ontology has no label, the name of the corresponding Python class will be assigned as label.

If a class, object property, data property or annotation property has no comment, it will be assigned the docstring of the corresponding Python class.

name_policy specify wether and how the names in the ontology should be updated. Valid values are: None not changed "uuid" name_prefix followed by a global unique id (UUID). "sequential" name_prefix followed a sequantial number. EMMO conventions imply name_policy=='uuid'.

If sync_imported is true, all imported ontologies are also updated.

The class_docstring argument specifies the annotation that class docstrings are mapped to. Defaults to "comment".

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def sync_attributes(  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
    self,
    name_policy=None,
    name_prefix="",
    class_docstring="comment",
    sync_imported=False,
):
    """This method is intended to be called after you have added new
    classes (typically via Python) to make sure that attributes like
    `label` and `comments` are defined.

    If a class, object property, data property or annotation
    property in the current ontology has no label, the name of
    the corresponding Python class will be assigned as label.

    If a class, object property, data property or annotation
    property has no comment, it will be assigned the docstring of
    the corresponding Python class.

    `name_policy` specify wether and how the names in the ontology
    should be updated.  Valid values are:
      None          not changed
      "uuid"        `name_prefix` followed by a global unique id (UUID).
      "sequential"  `name_prefix` followed a sequantial number.
    EMMO conventions imply ``name_policy=='uuid'``.

    If `sync_imported` is true, all imported ontologies are also
    updated.

    The `class_docstring` argument specifies the annotation that
    class docstrings are mapped to.  Defaults to "comment".
    """
    for cls in itertools.chain(
        self.classes(),
        self.object_properties(),
        self.data_properties(),
        self.annotation_properties(),
    ):
        if not hasattr(cls, "prefLabel"):
            # no prefLabel - create new annotation property..
            with self:

                # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-class-docstring
                # pylint: disable=unused-variable
                class prefLabel(owlready2.label):
                    pass

            cls.prefLabel = [locstr(cls.__name__, lang="en")]
        elif not cls.prefLabel:
            cls.prefLabel.append(locstr(cls.__name__, lang="en"))
        if class_docstring and hasattr(cls, "__doc__") and cls.__doc__:
            getattr(cls, class_docstring).append(
                locstr(inspect.cleandoc(cls.__doc__), lang="en")
            )

    for ind in self.individuals():
        if not hasattr(ind, "prefLabel"):
            # no prefLabel - create new annotation property..
            with self:
                # pylint: disable=invalid-name,missing-class-docstring
                # pylint: disable=function-redefined
                class prefLabel(owlready2.label):
                    iri = "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel"

            ind.prefLabel = [locstr(ind.name, lang="en")]
        elif not ind.prefLabel:
            ind.prefLabel.append(locstr(ind.name, lang="en"))

    chain = itertools.chain(
        self.classes(),
        self.individuals(),
        self.object_properties(),
        self.data_properties(),
        self.annotation_properties(),
    )
    if name_policy == "uuid":
        for obj in chain:
            obj.name = name_prefix + str(
                uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, obj.name)
            )
    elif name_policy == "sequential":
        for obj in chain:
            counter = 0
            while f"{self.base_iri}{name_prefix}{counter}" in self:
                counter += 1
            obj.name = name_prefix + str(counter)
    elif name_policy is not None:
        raise TypeError(f"invalid name_policy: {name_policy!r}")

    if sync_imported:
        for onto in self.imported_ontologies:
            onto.sync_attributes()

sync_python_names(annotations=('prefLabel', 'label', 'altLabel'))

Update the python_name attribute of all properties.

The python_name attribute will be set to the first non-empty annotation in the sequence of annotations in annotations for the property.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def sync_python_names(self, annotations=("prefLabel", "label", "altLabel")):
    """Update the `python_name` attribute of all properties.

    The python_name attribute will be set to the first non-empty
    annotation in the sequence of annotations in `annotations` for
    the property.
    """

    def update(gen):
        for prop in gen:
            for annotation in annotations:
                if hasattr(prop, annotation) and getattr(prop, annotation):
                    prop.python_name = getattr(prop, annotation).first()
                    break

    update(
        self.get_entities(
            classes=False,
            individuals=False,
            object_properties=False,
            data_properties=False,
        )
    )
    update(
        self.get_entities(
            classes=False, individuals=False, annotation_properties=False
        )
    )

sync_reasoner(reasoner='FaCT++', include_imported=False, **kwargs)

Update current ontology by running the given reasoner.

Supported values for reasoner are 'Pellet', 'HermiT' and 'FaCT++'.

If include_imported is true, the reasoner will also reason over imported ontologies. Note that this may be very slow with Pellet and HermiT.

Keyword arguments are passed to the underlying owlready2 function.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def sync_reasoner(
    self, reasoner="FaCT++", include_imported=False, **kwargs
):
    """Update current ontology by running the given reasoner.

    Supported values for `reasoner` are 'Pellet', 'HermiT' and 'FaCT++'.

    If `include_imported` is true, the reasoner will also reason
    over imported ontologies.  Note that this may be **very** slow
    with Pellet and HermiT.

    Keyword arguments are passed to the underlying owlready2 function.
    """
    if reasoner == "FaCT++":
        sync = sync_reasoner_factpp
    elif reasoner == "Pellet":
        sync = owlready2.sync_reasoner_pellet
    elif reasoner == "HermiT":
        sync = owlready2.sync_reasoner_hermit
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            f"unknown reasoner {reasoner!r}. Supported reasoners "
            'are "Pellet", "HermiT" and "FaCT++".'
        )

    # For some reason we must visit all entities once before running
    # the reasoner...
    list(self.get_entities())

    with self:
        if include_imported:
            sync(self.world, **kwargs)
        else:
            sync(self, **kwargs)

World

Bases: owlready2.World

A subclass of owlready2.World.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

class World(owlready2.World):
    """A subclass of owlready2.World."""

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Caches stored in the world
        self._cached_catalogs = {}  # maps url to (mtime, iris, dirs)
        self._iri_mappings = {}  # all iri mappings loaded so far
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def get_ontology(self, base_iri="emmo-inferred"):
        """Returns a new Ontology from `base_iri`.

        The `base_iri` argument may be one of:
          - valid URL (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl)
          - file name (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl)
          - "emmo": load latest stable version of asserted EMMO
          - "emmo-inferred": load latest stable version of inferred EMMO
            (default)
          - "emmo-development": load latest inferred development version
            of EMMO
        """
        base_iri = base_iri.as_uri() if isinstance(base_iri, Path) else base_iri

        if base_iri == "emmo":
            base_iri = (
                "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/"
                "EMMO/master/emmo.ttl"
            )
        elif base_iri == "emmo-inferred":
            base_iri = (
                "https://emmo-repo.github.io/latest-stable/emmo-inferred.ttl"
            )
        elif base_iri == "emmo-development":
            base_iri = (
                "https://emmo-repo.github.io/development/emmo-inferred.ttl"
            )

        if base_iri in self.ontologies:
            onto = self.ontologies[base_iri]
        elif base_iri + "#" in self.ontologies:
            onto = self.ontologies[base_iri + "#"]
        elif base_iri + "/" in self.ontologies:
            onto = self.ontologies[base_iri + "/"]
        else:
            if os.path.exists(base_iri):
                iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri)
            elif os.path.exists(base_iri + ".ttl"):
                iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri + ".ttl")
            elif os.path.exists(base_iri + ".owl"):
                iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri + ".owl")
            else:
                iri = base_iri

            if iri[-1] not in "/#":
                iri += "#"
            onto = Ontology(self, iri)

        return onto

    def get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label=None):
        """Returns all triples unabbreviated.

        If `label` is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.
        """

        def _unabbreviate(i):
            if isinstance(i, int):
                # negative storid corresponds to blank nodes
                if i >= 0:
                    return self._unabbreviate(i)
                return BlankNode(self, i) if label is None else label
            return i

        for subject, predicate, obj in self.get_triples():
            yield (
                _unabbreviate(subject),
                _unabbreviate(predicate),
                _unabbreviate(obj),
            )

get_ontology(base_iri='emmo-inferred')

Returns a new Ontology from base_iri.

The base_iri argument may be one of: - valid URL (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl) - file name (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl) - "emmo": load latest stable version of asserted EMMO - "emmo-inferred": load latest stable version of inferred EMMO (default) - "emmo-development": load latest inferred development version of EMMO

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_ontology(self, base_iri="emmo-inferred"):
    """Returns a new Ontology from `base_iri`.

    The `base_iri` argument may be one of:
      - valid URL (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl)
      - file name (possible excluding final .owl or .ttl)
      - "emmo": load latest stable version of asserted EMMO
      - "emmo-inferred": load latest stable version of inferred EMMO
        (default)
      - "emmo-development": load latest inferred development version
        of EMMO
    """
    base_iri = base_iri.as_uri() if isinstance(base_iri, Path) else base_iri

    if base_iri == "emmo":
        base_iri = (
            "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/emmo-repo/"
            "EMMO/master/emmo.ttl"
        )
    elif base_iri == "emmo-inferred":
        base_iri = (
            "https://emmo-repo.github.io/latest-stable/emmo-inferred.ttl"
        )
    elif base_iri == "emmo-development":
        base_iri = (
            "https://emmo-repo.github.io/development/emmo-inferred.ttl"
        )

    if base_iri in self.ontologies:
        onto = self.ontologies[base_iri]
    elif base_iri + "#" in self.ontologies:
        onto = self.ontologies[base_iri + "#"]
    elif base_iri + "/" in self.ontologies:
        onto = self.ontologies[base_iri + "/"]
    else:
        if os.path.exists(base_iri):
            iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri)
        elif os.path.exists(base_iri + ".ttl"):
            iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri + ".ttl")
        elif os.path.exists(base_iri + ".owl"):
            iri = os.path.abspath(base_iri + ".owl")
        else:
            iri = base_iri

        if iri[-1] not in "/#":
            iri += "#"
        onto = Ontology(self, iri)

    return onto

get_unabbreviated_triples(label=None)

Returns all triples unabbreviated.

If label is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_unabbreviated_triples(self, label=None):
    """Returns all triples unabbreviated.

    If `label` is given, it will be used to represent blank nodes.
    """

    def _unabbreviate(i):
        if isinstance(i, int):
            # negative storid corresponds to blank nodes
            if i >= 0:
                return self._unabbreviate(i)
            return BlankNode(self, i) if label is None else label
        return i

    for subject, predicate, obj in self.get_triples():
        yield (
            _unabbreviate(subject),
            _unabbreviate(predicate),
            _unabbreviate(obj),
        )

flatten(items)

Yield items from any nested iterable.

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def flatten(items):
    """Yield items from any nested iterable."""
    for item in items:
        if isinstance(item, Iterable) and not isinstance(item, (str, bytes)):
            for sub_item in flatten(item):
                yield sub_item
        else:
            yield item

get_ontology(*args, **kwargs)

Returns a new Ontology from base_iri.

This is a convenient function for calling World.get_ontology().

Source code in ontopy/ontology.py

def get_ontology(*args, **kwargs):
    """Returns a new Ontology from `base_iri`.

    This is a convenient function for calling World.get_ontology()."""
    return World().get_ontology(*args, **kwargs)