Europeean Materials Modelling Ontology
Version 1.0.0-alpha2
European Materials Modelling Counsil (EMMC)
October 14, 2020
Abstract:
EMMO is an ontology that is created by the Europeean Materials Modelling Council (EMMC) to provide a formal way to describe the fundamental concepts of physics, chemistry and materials science. EMMO is designed to pave the road for semantic interoperability providing a generic common ground for describing materials, models and data that can be adapted by all domains.
It is a representational framework of predefined classes and axioms (ontology) provided by experts (EMMC) that enables end users (industry, research, academy) to represent real life physical entities (materials, devices), models and properties using ontological signs (individuals) in a standard way to facilitate interactions and exchanges (data, software, knowledge) between all involved material modelling and characterization communities and stakeholders.Content
EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) based on current materials modelling knowledge, including physical sciences, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. This multidisciplinarity is illustrated by the figure on the title page. It provides the connection between the physical world, materials characterisation world and materials modelling world.
EMMO is based on and is consistent with the Review of Materials Modelling, CEN Workshop Agreement and MODA template. However, while these efforts are written for humans, EMMO is defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), which is machine readable and allows for machine reasoning. In terms of semantic representation, EMMO brings everything to a much higher level than these foundations.
As illustrated in the figure below, EMMO covers all aspects of materials modelling and characterisation, including:
EMMO is released under the Creative Commons license and is available at emmo.info/. The OWL2-DL sources are available in RDF/XML format.
In short, an ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. The word ontology has a long history in philosophy, in which it refers to the subject of existence. The so-called ontological argument for the existence of God was proposed by Anselm of Canterbury in 1078. He defined God as “that than which nothing greater can be thought”, and argued that “if the greatest possible being exists in the mind, it must also exist in reality. If it only exists in the mind, then an even greater being must be possible – one which exists both in the mind and in reality”. Even though this example has little to do with todays use of ontologies in e.g. computer science, it illustrates the basic idea; the ontology defines some basic premises (concepts and relations between them) from which it is possible reason to gain new knowledge.
For a more elaborated and modern definition of the ontology we refer the reader to the one provided by Tom Gruber (2009). Another useful introduction to ontologies is the paper Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology by Noy and McGuinness (2001), which is based on the Protege sortware, with which EMMO has been developed.
A taxonomy is a hierarchical representation of classes and subclasses connected via is_a relations. Hence, it is a subset of the ontology excluding all but the is_a relations. The main use of taxonomies is for the organisation of classifications. The figure shows a simple example of a taxonomy illustrating a categorisation of four classes into a hierarchy of more higher of levels of generality.
In EMMO, the taxonomy is a rooted directed acyclic graph (DAG). This is important since many classification methods relies on this property, see e.g. Valentini (2014) and Robison et al (2015). Note, that EMMO is a DAG does not prevent some classes from having more than one parent. A Variable is for instance both a Mathematical and a Symbol. See appendix for the full EMMO taxonomy.
Individuals are the basic, “ground level” components of EMMO. They may include concrete objects such as cars, flowers, stars, persons and molecules, as well as abstract individuals such as a measured height, a specific equation and software programs.
Individuals possess attributes in form of axioms that are defined by the user (interpreter) upon declaration.
Classes represent concepts. They are the building blocks that we use to create an ontology as a representation of knowledge. We distinguish between defined and non-defined classes.
Defined classes are defined by the requirements for being a member of the class. In the graphical representations of EMMO, defined classes are orange. For instance, in the graph of the top-level entity branch below, The root EMMO and a defined class (defined to be the disjoint union of Item and Collection).
Non-defined classes are defined as an abstract group of objects, whose members are defined as belonging to the class. They are yellow in the graphical representations.
Axioms are propositions in a logical framework that define the relations between the individuals and classes. They are used to categorise individuals in classes and to define the defined classes.
The simplest form of a class axiom is a class description that just states the existence of the class and gives it an unique identifier. In order to provide more knowledge about the class, class axioms typically contain additional components that state necessary and/or sufficient characteristics of the class. OWL contains three language constructs for combining class descriptions into class axioms:
Subclass (rdfs:subClassOf) allows one to say that the class extension of a class description is a subset of the class extension of another class description.
Equivalence (owl:equivalentClass) allows one to say that a class description has exactly the same class extension (i.e. the individuals associated with the class) as another class description.
Distjointness (owl:disjointWith) allows one to say that the class extension of a class description has no members in common with the class extension of another class description.
See the section about Description logic for more information about these language constructs. Axioms are also used to define relations between relations. These are further detailed in the chapter on Relations.
EMMO build upon several theoretical frameworks.
Semiotics is the study of meaning-making. It is the dicipline of formulating something that possibly can exist in a defined space and time in the real world.
Mereotopology is the combination of mereology (science of parthood) and topology (mathematical study of the geometrical properties and conservation through deformations). It is introdused via the Item class and based on the mereotopological relations. Items in EMMO are always topologically connected in space and time. EMMO makes a strong distinction between membership and parthood relations. In contrast to collections, items can only have parts that are themselves items. For further information, see Casati and Varzi “Parts and Places” (1999).
EMMO is strongly based on physics, with the aim of being able to describe all aspects and all domains of physics, from quantum mechanics to continuum, engeneering, chemistry, etc. EMMO is compatible with both the De Broglie - Bohm and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mecanics (see Physical for more comments).
EMMO defines a physics-based parthood hierachy under Physical by introducing the following concepts (illustrated in the figure below):
Elementary is the fundamental, non-divisible constituent of entities. In EMMO, elementaries are based on the standard model of physics.
State is a Physical whose parts does not change during its life time (at the chosen level of granularity). This is consistent with a state within e.g. thermodynamics.
Existent is a succession of states.
Physical.Metrology is the science of measurements. It introduces units and links them to properties. The description of metrology in EMMO is based on the standards of International System of Quantities (ISQ) and International System of Units (SI).
Description logic (DL) is a formal knowledge representation language in which the axioms are expressed. It is less expressive than first-order logic (FOL), but commonly used for providing the logical formalism for ontologies and semantic web. EMMO is expressed in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), which in turn is based on DL. This brings along features like reasoning.
Since it is essential to have a basic notion of OWL and DL, we include here a very brief overview. For a proper introduction to OWL and DL, we refer the reader to sources like Grau et.al. (2008), OWL2 Primer and OWL Reference.
OWL distinguishes between six types of class descriptions:
owl:oneOf)owl:someValuesFrom, owl:allValuesFrom, owl:hasValue, owl:cardinality, owl:minCardinality, owl:maxCardinality)owl:intersectionOf)owl:unionOf)owl:complementOf)Except for the first, all of these refer to defined classes. The table below shows the notation in OWL, DL and the Manchester OWL syntax, all commonly used for the definitions. The Manchester syntax is used by Protege and is designed to not use DL symbols and to be easy and quick to read and write. Several other syntaxes exist for DL. An interesting example is the pure Python syntax proposed by Lamy (2017), which is used in the open source Owlready2 Python package. The Python API for EMMO is also based on Owlready2.
| DL | Manchester | Python + Owlready2 | Read | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constants | ||||
| ⊤ | Thing | top | A special class with every individual as an instance | |
| ⊥ | Nothing | bottom | The empty class | |
| Axioms | ||||
| A ≐ B | A is defined to be equal to B | Class definition | ||
| A ⊑ B | A subclass_of B | class A(B): … | all A are B | Class inclusion |
| issubclass(A, B) | Test for inclusion | |||
| A ≡ B | A equivalent_to B | A.equivalent_to.append(B) | A is equivalent to B | Class equivalence |
| B in A.equivalent_to | Test for equivalence | |||
| a : A | a is_a A | a = A() | a is a A | Class assertion (instantiation) |
| isinstance(a, A) | Test for instance of | |||
| (a, b) : R | a object property assertion b | a.R.append(b) | a is R-related to b | Property assertion |
| (a, n) : R | a data property assertion n | a.R.append(n) | a is R-related to n | Data assertion |
| Constructions | ||||
| A ⊓ B | A and B | A & B | A and B | Class intersection (conjunction) |
| A ⊔ B | A or B | A | B | A or B | Class union (disjunction) |
| ¬A | not A | Not(A) | not A | Class complement (negation) |
| {a, b, ...} | {a, b, …} | OneOf([a, b, …]) | one of a, b, … | Class enumeration |
| S ≡ R− | S inverse_of R | Inverse(R) | S is inverse of R | Property inverse |
| S.inverse == R | Test for inverse | |||
| ∀R.A | R only A | R.only(A) | all A with R | Universal restriction |
| ∃R.A | R some A | R.some(A) | some A with R | Existential restriction |
| = nR.A | R exactly n A | R.exactly(n, A) | Cardinality restriction | |
| ≤ nR.A | R min n A | R.min(n, A) | Minimum cardinality restriction | |
| ≥ nR.A | R max n A | R.max(n, A) | Minimum cardinality restriction | |
| ∃R{a} | R value a | R.value(a) | Value restriction | |
| Decompositions | ||||
| A ⊔ B ⊑ ⊥ | A disjoint with B | AllDisjoint([A, B]) | A disjoint with B | Disjoint |
| B in A.disjoints() | Test for disjointness | |||
| ∃R.⊤ ⊑ A | R domain A | R.domain = [A] | Classes that the restriction applies to | |
| ⊤ ⊑ ∀R.B | R range B | R.range = [B] | All classes that can be the value of the restriction |
Here are some examples of different class descriptions using both the DL and Manchester notation.
owl:equivalentTo)Equivalence (≡) defines necessary and sufficient conditions.
Parent is equivalent to mother or father
DL: parent ≡ mother ∨ father
Manchester: parent equivalent_to mother or father
rdf:subclassOf)Inclusion (⊑) defines necessary conditions.
An employee is a person.
DL: employee ⊑ person
Manchester: employee is_a person
owl:oneOf)The color of a wine is either white, rose or red:
DL: wine_color ≡ {white, rose, red}
Manchester: wine_color equivalent_to {white, rose, red}
owl:someValuesFrom)A mother is a woman that has a child (some person):
DL: mother ≡ woman ⊓ ∃has_child.person
Manchester: mother equivalent_to woman and has_child some person
owl:allValuesFrom)All parents that only have daughters:
DL: parents_with_only_daughters ≡ person ⊓ ∀has_child.woman
Manchester: parents_with_only_daughters equivalent_to person and has_child only woman
owl:hasValue)The owl:hasValue restriction allows to define classes based on the existence of particular property values. There must be at least one matching property value.
All children of Mary:
DL: Marys_children ≡ person ⊓ ∃has_parent.{Mary}
Manchester: Marys_children equivalent_to person and has_parent value Mary
owl:cardinality)The owl:cardinality restrictions (≥, ≤ or ≡) allow to define classes based on the maximum (owl:maxCardinality), minimum (owl:minCardinality) or exact (owl:cardinality) number of occurences.
A person with one parent:
DL: half_orphant ≡ person and =1has_parent.person
Manchester: half_orphant equivalent_to person and has_parent exactly 1 person
owl:intersectionOf)Individuals of the intersection (⊓) of two classes, are simultaneously instances of both classes.
A man is a person that is male:
DL: man ≡ person ⊓ male
Manchester: man equivalent_to person and male
owl:unionOf)Individuals of the union (⊔) of two classes, are either instances of one or both classes.
A person is a man or woman:
DL: person ≡ man ⊔ woman
Manchester: person equivalent_to man or woman
owl:complementOf)Individuals of the complement (¬) of a class, are all individuals that are not member of the class.
Not a man:
DL: female ≡ ¬ male
Manchester: female equivalent_to not male
The EMMO ontology is structured in shells, expressed by specific ontology fragments, that extends from fundamental concepts to the application domains, following the dependency flow.
The EMMO top level is the group of fundamental axioms that constitute the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. Adopting a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective, the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that are always extended in space and time (i.e. real world objects cannot be spaceless nor timeless). For this reason abstract objects, i.e. objects that does not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO.
EMMO is strongly based on the analytical philosophy dicipline semiotic. The role of abstract objects are in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
Another important building block of from analytical philosophy is atomistic mereology applied to 4D objects. The EMMO calls it ‘quantum mereology’, since the there is a epistemological limit to how fine we can resolve space and time due to the uncertanity principles.
The mereotopology module introduces the fundamental mereotopological concepts and their relations with the real world objects that they represent. The EMMO uses mereotopology as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of topological connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the Item and Collection classes. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is represented by the Quantum class. This module introduces also the fundamental mereotopological relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions.
The physical module, defines the Physical objects and the concept of Void that plays a fundamental role in the description of multiscale objects and quantum systems. It also define the Elementary class, that restricts mereological atomism in space.
In EMMO, the only univocally defined real world object is the Item individual called Universe that stands for the universe. Every other real world object is a composition of elementaries up to the most comprehensive object; the Universe. Intermediate objects are not univocally defined, but their definition is provided according to some specific philosophical perspectives. This is an expression of reductionism (i.e. objects are made of sub-objects) and epistemological pluralism (i.e. objects are always defined according to the perspective of an interpreter, or a class of interpreters).
The Perspective class collects the different ways to represent the objects that populate the conceptual region between the elementary and universe levels.
The middle level ontologies act as roots for extending the EMMO towards specific application domains.
The Reductionistic perspective class uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real world objects. The EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents.
The Phenomenic perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that express of a recognisable pattern in space or time that impress the user. Under this class the EMMO categorises e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
The Physicalistic perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that have a meaning for the under applied physics perspective.
The Holistic perspective class introduces the concept of real world objects that unfold in time in a way that has a meaning for the EMMO user, through the definition of the classes Process and Participant. The semiotics module introduces the concepts of semiotics and the Semiosis process that has a Sign, an Object and an Interpreter as participants. This forms the basis in EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information and properties.
All EMMO relations are subrelations of the relations found in the two roots: mereotopological and semiotical. The relation hierarchy extends more vertically (i.e. more subrelations) than horizontally (i.e. less sibling relations), facilitating the categorisation and inferencing of individuals. See also the chapter EMMO Relations.
Imposing all relations to fall under mereotopology or semiotics is how the EMMO force the developers to respect its perspectives. Two entities are related only by contact or parthood (mereotopology) or by standing one for another (semiosis): no other types of relation are possible within the EMMO.
A unique feature in EMMO, is the introduction of direct parthood. As illustrated in the figure below, it is a mereological relation that lacks transitivity. This makes it possible to entities made of parts at different levels of granularity and to go between granularity levels in a well-defined manner. This is paramount for cross scale interoperability. Every material in EMMO is placed on a granularity level and the ontology gives information about the direct upper and direct lower level classes using the non-transitive direct parthood relations.
All entities and relations in EMMO have some attributes, called annotations. In some cases, only the required International Resource Identifier (IRI) and relations are provided. However, descriptive annotations, like elucidation and comment, are planned to be added for all classes and relations. Possible annotations are:
In the language of OWL, relations are called properties. However, since relations describe relations between classes and individuals and since properties has an other meaning in EMMO, we only call them relations.
Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a W3C standard that is widely used for describing informations on the web and is one of the standards that OWL builds on. RDF expresses information in form of subject-predicate-object triplets. The subject and object are resources (aka items to describe) and the predicate expresses a relationship between the subject and the object.
In OWL are the subject and object classes or individuals (or data) while the predicate is a relation. An example of an relationship is the statement dog is_a animal. Here dog is the subject, is_a the predicate and animal the object.
OWL distingues between object properties, that link classes or individuals to classes or individuals, and data properties that link individuals to data values. Since EMMO only deals with classes, we will only be discussing object properties. However, in actual simulation or characterisation applications build on EMMO, datatype propertyes will be important.
The characteristics of the different properties are described by the following property axioms:
rdf:subPropertyOf is used to define that a property is a subproperty of some other property. For instance, in the figure below showing the relation branch, we see that active_relation is a subproperty or relation. The rdf:subPropertyOf axioms forms a taxonomy-like tree for relations.
owl:equivalentProperty states that two properties have the same property extension.
owl:inverseOf axioms relate active relations to their corresponding passive relations, and vice versa. The root relation relation is its own inverse.
owl:FunctionalProperty is a property that can have only one (unique) value y for each instance x, i.e. there cannot be two distinct values y1 and y2 such that the pairs (x,y1) and (x,y2) are both instances of this property. Both object properties and datatype properties can be declared as “functional”.
owl:InverseFunctionalProperty
owl:TransitiveProperty states that if a pair (x,y) is an instance of P, and the pair (y,z) is instance of P, then we can infer that the pair (x,z) is also an instance of P.
owl:SymmetricProperty states that if the pair (x,y) is an instance of P, then the pair (y,x) is also an instance of P. A popular example of a symmetric property is the siblingOf relation.
rdfs:domain specifies which classes the property applies to. Or said differently, the valid values of the subject in a subject-predicate-object triplet.
rdfs:range specifies the property extension, i.e. the valid values of the object in a subject-predicate-object triplet.
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_ec2472ae_cf4a_46a5_8555_1556f5a6c3c5
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_03212fd7_abfd_4828_9c8e_62c293052d4b
Comment: Mereotopology merges mereological and topological concepts and provides relations between wholes, parts, boundaries, etc.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_517dfaf9_4970_41ac_81ee_d031627d2c7c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_4d6504f1_c470_4ce9_b941_bbbebc9ab05d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_6703954e_34c4_4a15_a9e7_f313760ae1a8
Comment: Causality is a topological property between connected items.
Comment: Items being connected means that there is a topological contact or “interaction” between them.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_8c898653_1118_4682_9bbf_6cc334d16a99
Comment: Enclosure is reflexive and transitive.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_d893d373_b579_4867_841e_1c2b31a8d2c6
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_9cb984ca_48ad_4864_b09e_50d3fff19420
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_f68030be_94b8_4c61_a161_886468558054
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/holistic#EMMO_c5aae418_1622_4d02_93c5_21159e28e6c1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/holistic#EMMO_ae2d1a96_bfa1_409a_a7d2_03d69e8a125a
Comment: Participation is a parthood relation: you must be part (and then be connected) of the process to contribute to it.
Comment: Participation is not under direct parthood since a process is not strictly related to reductionism, but it’s a way to categorize temporal regions by the interpreters.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_17e27c22_37e1_468c_9dd7_95e137f73e7f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_6b7276a4_4b9d_440a_b577_0277539c0fc4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_9380ab64_0363_4804_b13f_3a8a94119a76
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_b2282816_b7a3_44c6_b2cb_3feff1ceb7fe
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_67fc0a36_8dcb_4ffa_9a43_31074efa3296
Comment: Relates the physical quantity to its unit through spatial direct parthood.
Versioninfo: In EMMO version 1.0.0-alpha2, physical quantities used the hasReferenceUnit object property to relate them to their units via physical dimensionality. This was simplified in 1.0.0-alpha3 in order to make reasoning faster.
The restriction (e.g. for the physical quantity Length)
Length hasReferenceUnit only (hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimension)was in 1.0.0-alpha3 changed to
Length hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimensionLikewise were the universal restrictions on the corresponding unit changed to excistential. E.g.
Metre hasPhysicsDimension only LengthDimensionwas changed to
Metre hasPhysicsDimension some LengthDimensionThe label of this class was also changed from PhysicsDimension to PhysicalDimension.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_8ef3cd6d_ae58_4a8d_9fc0_ad8f49015cd0
Comment: Relates a quantity to its reference unit through spatial direct parthood.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_65a2c5b8_e4d8_4a51_b2f8_e55effc0547d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_6e046dd0_9634_4013_b2b1_9cc468087c83
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_7afbed84_7593_4a23_bd88_9d9c6b04e8f6
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_663859e5_add3_4c9e_96fb_c99399de278d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_24c71baf_6db6_48b9_86c8_8c70cf36db0c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_3446e167_c576_49d6_846c_215bb8878a55
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_eb3518bf_f799_4f9e_8c3e_ce59af11453b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_60577dea_9019_4537_ac41_80b0fb563d41
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_7fb7fe7e_bdf9_4eeb_adad_e384dd5285c6
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_e1097637_70d2_4895_973f_2396f04fa204
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_bed1d005_b04e_4a90_94cf_02bc678a8569
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_39c3815d_8cae_4c8f_b2ff_eeba24bec455
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_297999d6_c9e4_4262_9536_bd524d1c6e21
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_2337e25c_3c60_43fc_a8f9_b11a3f974291
Relations:
emmo is a class representing the collection of all the individuals (signs) that are used in the ontology. Individuals are declared by the EMMO users when they want to apply the EMMO to represent the world.
The root of all classes used to represent the world. It has two children; collection and item.
collection is the class representing the collection of all the individuals (signs) that represents a collection of non-connected real world objects.
item Is the class that collects all the individuals that are members of a set (it’s the most comprehensive set individual). It is the branch of mereotopology.
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_802d3e92_8770_4f98_a289_ccaaab7fdddf
Elucidation: The class representing the collection of all the individuals declared in this ontology standing for real world objects.
Comment: ‘EMMO’ is the disjoint union of ‘Item’ and ‘Collection’ (covering axiom).
The union implies that ‘EMMO’ individuals can only be ‘Item’ individuals (standing for self-connected real world objects) or ‘Collection’ individuals (standing for a collection of disconnected items).
Disjointness means that a ‘Collection’ individual cannot be an ‘Item’ individual and viceversa, representing the fact that a real world object cannot be self-connected and non-self connected at the same time.
Comment: For the EMMO ontologist the whole universe is represented as a 4D path-connected topological manifold (i.e. the spacetime).
A real world object is then a 4D topological sub-region of the universe.
A universe sub-region is isolated and defined as a real world object by the ontologist. Then, through a semiotic process that occurs at meta-ontological level (i.e. outside the ontology). an EMMO ontology entity (e.g. an OWL individual) is assigned to represent that real world object.
The fundamental distinction between real world objects, upon which the EMMO is based, is self-connectedness: a real world object can be self-connected xor not self-connected.
Comment: In the EMMO we will refer to the universe as a Minkowski space, restricting the ontology to special relativity only. However, exension to general relativity, will adding more complexity, should not change the overall approach.
Comment: Mereotopology is the fundamental logical representation used by the EMMO ontologist to characterize the universe and to provide the definitions to connect real world objects to the EMMO concepts.
Parthood relations do not change dimensionality of the real world object referred by an ‘EMMO’ individual, i.e. every part of a real world object always retains its 4D dimensionality.
The smallest part of a real world object (i.e. a part that has no proper parts) is referred in the EMMO by a ‘Quantum’ individual.
It follows that, for the EMMO, real world objects of dimensionality lower than 4D (e.g. surfaces, lines) do not exist.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_eb3a768e_d53e_4be9_a23b_0714833c36de
Comment: A real world object is self-connected if any two parts that make up the whole are connected to each other (here the concept of connection is primitive).
Alternatively, using the primitive path-connectivity concept we can define a self-connected real world object as an object for which each couple of points is path-connected.
Comment: An ‘Item’ individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
In the EMMO, connectivity is the topological foundation of causality.
All physical systems, i.e. systems whose behaviour is explained by physics laws, are represented only by ‘Item’-s.
Members of a ‘Collection’ lack of causality connection, i.e. they do not constitute a physical system as a whole.
Comment: From Latin item, “likewise, just so, moreover”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_29072ec4_ffcb_42fb_bdc7_26f05a2e9873
Elucidation: A ‘Item’ that has no ‘Physical’ parts.
Comment: From Latin vacuus, “empty”.
Comment: The void concept is paramount for the representation of physical systems according to quantum theory.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_c5ddfdba_c074_4aa4_ad6b_1ac4942d300d
Elucidation: A ‘Item’ that has part some ‘Elementary’ and whose temporal proper parts are only ‘Physical’-s (i.e. it can be perceived without interruptions in time).
Comment: A ‘Physical’ is the class that contains all the individuals that stand for real world objects that interact physically with the ontologist, i.e. physical objects.
A physical object must be perceived through physical interaction by the ontologist. Then the ontologist can declare an individual standing for the physical object just perceived.
Perception is a subcategory of physical interactions. It is an interaction that stimulate a representation of the physical object within the ontologist (the agent).
Comment: A ‘Physical’ must include at least an ‘Elementary’ part, and can include ‘Void’ parts.
A ‘Physical’ may include as part also the ‘Void’ surrounding or enclosed by its ‘Physical’ sub parts.
There are no particular criteria for ‘Physical’-s structure, except that is made of some ‘Elementary’-s as proper parts and not only ‘Void’.
This is done in order to take into account the quantum nature of physical systems, in which the actual position of sub-components (e.g. electrons in an atom) is not known except for its probability distribution function (according to the Copenhagen interpretation.)
e.g. a real world object that has spatial parts an atom and a cubic light year of void, extending for some time, can be a physical object.
Comment: A ‘Physical’ with dimensions other than 4D cannot exist, following the restriction of the parent ‘EMMO’ class.
It follows from the fact that perception is always unfolding in time.
e.g. you always have an aperture time when you take a picture or measure a property. Instantaneous perceptions are idealizations (abstractions) or a very small time measurement.
Comment: From Latin physica “study of nature” (and Ancient Greek φυσικός, “natural”).
Here the word relates to things perceived through the senses as opposed to the mind; tangible or concrete.
Comment: In the EMMO there are no relations such as occupiesSpace, since ‘Physical’-s are themselves the 4D regions.
Comment: The EMMO can be used to represent real world entities as ‘Physical’-s that are easy to connect to classical or quantum mechanical based models.
Classical mechanics poses no representational issues, for the EMMO: the 4D representation of ‘Physical’-s is consistent with classical physics systems.
However, the representation of ‘Physical’-s that are typically analized through quantum mechanics (e.g. molecules, atoms, clusters), is not straightforward.
While this approach is really easy to implement in an ontology, since each entity has its own well defined 4D region, its mathematical representation failed to receive large consensus due to the difficulties to include relativistic effects, to be extended to subnuclear scale and the strong non-locality assumtpion of the quantum field.
Nevertheless, the Bohmian mechanics is a numerical approach that is used in electronic models to reduce the computational effort of the solution of Schroedinger Equation.
In practice, an EMMO user can declare a ‘physical’ individual that stand for the whole quantum system to be described, and at the same time all sub-parts individuals can be declared, having them a well defined position in time, according to De Broglie - Bohm interpretation. The Hamiltonian can be calculated by considering the sub-part individuals.
‘physical’-s are then made of ‘physical’ parts and ‘void’ parts that stand for the space between ‘physical’-s (e.g. the void between electrons and nucleus in an atom).
Upon measurement, the wavefunction collapses to a combination of close eigenstates that provide information about bservables of the system components (e.g. position, energy).
The EMMO can be used to represent ‘physical’-s that can be related to Copenhagen based models. In practice, the user should follow these steps:
define the quantum system as a ‘physical’ individual (e.g. an H2 molecule) under a specific class (e.g. ‘h2_molecule’). This individual is the whole.
define the axioms of the class that describe how many sub-parts are expected for the whole and their class types (e.g. ‘h2_molecule’ has axioms ‘has_proper_part exactly 2 electron’ and ’has_proper_part exactly 2 nucleus)
the user can now connect the whole to a Schroedinger equation based model whose Hamiltonian is calculated trough the information coming only from the axioms. No individuals are declared for the subparts!
a measurement done on the quantum system that provides information on the sub-part observables is interpreted as wavefunction collapse and leads to the end of the whole and the declaration of the sub-parts individuals which can be themselves other quantum systems
e.g. if the outer electron of the H2 molecule interacts with another entity defining its state, then the whole that stands for the entangled H2 molecule becomes a ‘physical’ made of an electron individual, a quantum system made of one electron and two nuclei and the void between them.
e.g. in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation the user represent the atom by un-entangling nucleus and electronic cloud. The un-entanglement comes in the form of declaration of individual as parts.
e.g. the double slit experiment can be represent in the EMMO as: a) before the slit: a ‘physical’ that extend in space and has parts ‘electron’ and ‘void’, called ‘single_electron_wave_function’. ‘electron’ and ‘void’ are only in the axioms and not decalred individuals. b) during slit passage: a ‘physical’ made of one declared individual, the ‘electron’. c) after the slit: again ‘single_electron_wave_function’ d) upon collision with the detector: ‘physical’ made of one declared individual, the ‘electron’.
Comment: The purpose of the ‘Physical’ branch is to provide a representation of the real world objects, while the models used to name, explain or predict the behaviour of the real world objects lay under the ‘Semiotic’ branch.
More than one semiotic representation can be connected to the same ‘Physical’.
e.g. Navier-Stokes or Euler equation applied to the same fluid are an example of mathematical model used to represent a physical object for some specific interpreter.
Relations:
Individuals:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_2d2ecd97_067f_4d0e_950c_d746b7700a31
Elucidation: The class of all individuals that stand for a real world not self-connected object.
Comment: A ‘Collection’ individual stands for a non-self-connected real world object.
A ‘Collection’ individual is related to each ‘Item’ individuals of the collection (i.e. the members) through the membership relation.
An ‘Item’ individual stands for a real world self-connected object which can be represented as a whole made of connected parts (e.g. a car made of components).
Comment: Formally, ‘Collection’ is axiomatized as the class of individuals that hasMember some ‘Item’.
A ‘Collection’ cannot have as member another ‘Collection’.
Comment: From Latin collectio, from colligere ‘gather together’.
Comment: e.g. the collection of users of a particular software, the collection of atoms that have been part of that just dissociated molecule, or even the collection of atoms that are part of a molecule considered as single individual non-connected objects and not as a mereotopological self-connected fusion.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_3f9ae00e_810c_4518_aec2_7200e424cf68
Elucidation: The class of ‘EMMO’ individuals that stand for real world objects that can’t be further divided in time nor in space.
Example: For a physics based ontology the ‘Quantum’ can stand for the smallest identifiable portion of spacetime defined by the Planck limit in length (1.616e-35 m) and time (5.39e-44 s).
However, the quantum mereotopology approach is not restricted only to physics. For example, in a manpower management ontology, a ‘Quantum’ can stand for an hour (time) of a worker (space) activity.
Comment: A ‘Quantum’ is the most fundamental subclass of ‘Item’, since its individuals stand for the smallest possible self-connected 4D real world objects.
The quantum concept recalls the fact that there is lower epistemological limit to our knowledge of the universe, related to the uncertainity principle.
Comment: A ‘Quantum’ stands for a 4D real world object.
Comment: A quantum is the EMMO mereological 4D a-tomic entity.
To avoid confusion with the concept of atom coming from physics, we will use the expression quantum mereology, instead of a-tomistic mereology.
Comment: From Latin quantum (plural quanta) “as much as, so much as;”, introduced in physics directly from Latin by Max Planck, 1900.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/physical#EMMO_0f795e3e_c602_4577_9a43_d5a231aa1360
Elucidation: The basic constituent of ‘item’-s that can be proper partitioned only in time up to quantum level.
Comment: According to mereology, this should be call ‘a-tomistic’ in the strict etimological sense of the word (from greek, a-tomos: un-divisible).
Mereology based on such items is called atomistic mereology.
However, in order not to confuse the lexicon between mereology and physics (in which an atom is a divisible physical entity) we prefer to call it ‘elementary’, recalling the concept of elementary particle coming from the standard particles model.
Comment: From Latin elementārius (“elementary”), from elementum (“one of the four elements of antiquity; fundamentals”)
Comment: While a ‘Quantum’ is a-tomistic in time and space, an ‘elementary’ is a-tomistic only in space, recalling the concept of elementary particle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top#EMMO_49267eba_5548_4163_8f36_518d65b583f9
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for real world objects according to a specific representational perspective.
Comment: This class is the practical implementation of the EMMO pluralistic approach for which the only objective categorization is provided by the Universe individual and all the Quantum individuals.
Between these two extremes, there are several subjective ways to categorize real world objects, each one provide under a ‘Perspective’ subclass.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/holistic#EMMO_49804605_c0fe_4538_abda_f70ba1dc8a5d
Elucidation: A portion of a ‘Process’ that participates to the process with a specific role.
Comment: In the EMMO the relation of participation to a process falls under mereotopology.
Since topological connection means causality, then the only way for a real world object to participate to a process is to be a part of it.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/holistic#EMMO_0277f24a_ea7f_4917_81b7_fb0406c8fc62
Elucidation: A union of classes that categorize physicals under a holistic perspective: the interest is on the whole 4D object (process) and the role of its 4D parts (participants) without going further into specifying the spatial hierarchy or the temporal position of each part.
Comment: An holistic perspective considers each part of the whole as equally important, without the need of a granularity hierarchy (in time or space).
A molecule of a body can have role in the body evolution, without caring if its part of a specific organ and without specifying the time interval in which this role occurred.
This class allows the picking of parts without necessarily going trough a rigid hierarchy of spatial compositions (e.g. body -> organ -> cell -> molecule) or temporal composition.
Comment: Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos “all, whole, entire”)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_494b372c_cfdf_47d3_a4de_5e037c540de8
Elucidation: An engineered object which is instrumental for reaching a particular purpose through its characteristic functioning process, with particular reference to mechanical or electronic equipment.
Comment: From Old French “deviser”, meaning: arrange, plan, contrive.
Literally “dispose in portions,” from Vulgar Latin “divisare”, frequentative of Latin dividere, meaning “to divide”
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_ec7464a9_d99d_45f8_965b_4e9230ea8356
Comment: A material that is synthesized within a manufacturing process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_86ca9b93_1183_4b65_81b8_c0fcd3bba5ad
Elucidation: A ‘physical’ that stands for a real world object that has been designed and manufactured for a particular purpose.
Example: Car, tire, composite material.
Comment: The ‘Engineered’ branch represents real world objects that show some level of complexity/heterogeneity in their composition, and are made for a specific use.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_b803f122_4acb_4064_9d71_c1e5fd091fc9
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stands for semiotic objects, i.e. objects that take part on a semiotic process.
Comment: Semiotic subclasse are defined using Peirce’s semiotic theory.
“Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C.” (Peirce 1902, NEM 4, 20–21).
The triadic elements: - ‘sign’: the sign A (e.g. a name) - ‘interpretant’: the sign B as the effects of the sign A on the interpreter (e.g. the mental concept of what a name means) - ‘object’: the object C (e.g. the entity to which the sign A and B refer to)
This class includes also the ‘interpeter’ i.e. the entity that connects the ‘sign’ to the ‘object’
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6a4547ab_3abb_430d_b81b_ce32d47729f5
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
Altlabel: SecondOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_0cd58641_824c_4851_907f_f4c3be76630c
Elucidation: A ‘Sign’ that stands for an ‘Object’ due to causal continguity.
Example: Smoke stands for a combustion process (a fire). My facial expression stands for my emotional status.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6795a4b8_ffd0_4588_a581_a9413fe49cac
Elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
Comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_28ef05a7_ecc1_4df6_8116_c53251fbd4a8
Definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_21ef2ed6_c086_4d24_8a75_980d2bcc9282
Definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_1e0b665d_db6c_4752_a6d4_262d3a8dbb46
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
Altlabel: MinuteOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_053648ea_3c0a_468c_89cb_eb009239323a
Definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cabb20f0_05c7_448f_9485_e129725f15a4
Definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f8b92999_3cde_46e3_99d5_664da3090a02
Definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_00dd79e0_31a6_427e_9b9c_90f3097e4a96
Definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e29f84db_4c1c_46ae_aa38_c4d47536b972
Definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_d6eb0176_a0d7_4b4e_8df0_50e912be2342
Definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b8830065_3809_41b7_be3c_e33795567fd9
Definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3ee80521_3c23_4dd1_935d_9d522614a3e2
Elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
Comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b41515a9_28d8_4d78_8165_74b2fc72f89e
Definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
The value of a ratio in nepers is given by ln(x1/x2) where x1 and x2 are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved.
Wikipedia
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_b21a56ed_f969_4612_a6ec_cb7766f7f31d
Elucidation: An ‘Physical’ that is used as sign (“semeion” in greek) that stands for another ‘Physical’ through an semiotic process.
Example: A novel is made of chapters, paragraphs, sentences, words and characters (in a direct parthood mereological hierarchy).
Each of them are ‘sign’-s.
A character can be the a-tomistic ‘sign’ for the class of texts.
The horizontal segment in the character “A” is direct part of “A” but it is not a ‘sign’ itself.
For plain text we can propose the ASCII symbols, for math the fundamental math symbols.
Comment: A ‘Sign’ can have temporal-direct-parts which are ‘Sign’ themselves.
A ‘Sign’ usually have ‘sign’ spatial direct parts only up to a certain elementary semiotic level, in which the part is only a ‘Physical’ and no more a ‘Sign’ (i.e. it stands for nothing). This elementary semiotic level is peculiar to each particular system of signs (e.g. text, painting).
Just like an ‘Elementary’ in the ‘Physical’ branch, each ‘Sign’ branch should have an a-tomistic mereological part.
Comment: According to Peirce, ‘Sign’ includes three subcategories: - symbols: that stand for an object through convention - indeces: that stand for an object due to causal continguity - icon: that stand for an object due to similitudes e.g. in shape or composition
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_a155dc93_d266_487e_b5e7_2a2c72d5ebf9
Definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_054af807_85cd_4a13_8eba_119dfdaaf38b
Elucidation: The interpreter’s internal representation of the object in a semiosis process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6c7160fc_cc64_46f0_b43b_aba65e9952e3
Definition: One bel is defined as 1⁄2 ln(10) neper.
Elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
Comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
Comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_1b52ee70_121e_4d8d_8419_3f97cd0bd89c
Elucidation: An ‘interpreter’ that perceives another ‘entity’ (the ‘object’) through a specific perception mechanism and produces a ‘property’ (the ‘sign’) that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_f2d5d3ad_2e00_417f_8849_686f3988d929
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_0527413c_b286_4e9c_b2d0_03fb2a038dee
Elucidation: The entity (or agent, or observer, or cognitive entity) who connects ‘Sign’, ‘Interpretant’ and ‘Object’.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_6f5af708_f825_4feb_a0d1_a8d813d3022b
Elucidation: The object, in Peirce semiotics.
Comment: Here is assumed that the concept of ‘object’ is always relative to a ‘semiotic’ process. An ‘object’ does not exists per se, but it’s always part of an interpretation.
The EMMO relies on strong reductionism, i.e. everything real is a formless collection of elementary particles: we give a meaning to real world entities only by giving them boundaries and defining them using ‘sign’-s.
In this way the ‘sign’-ed entity become and ‘object’, and the ‘object’ is the basic entity needed in order to apply a logical formalism to the real world entities (i.e. we can speak of it through its sign, and use logics on it through its sign).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_9c32fd69_f480_4130_83b3_fb25d9face14
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_d1d436e7_72fc_49cd_863b_7bfb4ba5276a
Example: viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
Comment: A ‘variable’ whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_1eed0732_e3f1_4b2c_a9c4_b4e75eeb5895
Elucidation: A ‘Variable’ is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined ‘Mathematical’ object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix.
Example: x k
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_db9a009e_f097_43f5_9520_6cbc07e7610b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_35d2e130_6e01_41ed_94f7_00b333d46cf9
Elucidation: A ‘Sign’ that stands for an ‘Object’ through convention, norm or habit, without any resemblance to it.
Comment: In Peirce semiotics this kind of sign category is called symbol. However, since symbol is also used in formal languages, the name is changed in conventional.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_8d2d9374_ef3a_47e6_8595_6bc208e07519
Elucidation: A ‘conventional’ that stand for a ‘physical’.
Comment: The ‘theory’ is e.g. a proposition, a book or a paper whose sub-symbols suggest in the mind of the interpreter an interpretant structure that can represent a ‘physical’.
It is not an ‘icon’ (like a math equation), because it has no common resemblance or logical structure with the ‘physical’.
In Peirce semiotics: legisign-symbol-argument
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_ae15fb4f_8e4d_41de_a0f9_3997f89ba6a2
Elucidation: A ‘varaible’ that stand for a well known constant.
Example: π refers to the constant number ~3.14
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_fe7e56ce_118b_4243_9aad_20eb9f4f31f6
Elucidation: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Example: Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_f19ff3b4_6bfe_4c41_a2b2_9affd39c140b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_873b0ab3_88e6_4054_b901_5531e01f14a4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_b7bcff25_ffc3_474e_9ab5_01b1664bd4ba
Elucidation: A ‘Perceptual’ referring to a specific code that is used as ‘Conventional’ sign to represent an ‘Object’ according to a specific interaction mechanism by an ‘Observer’.
(A property is always a partial representation of an ‘Object’ since it reflects the ‘Object’ capability to be part of a specific ‘Observation’ process)
Example: Hardness is a subclass of properties.
Vickers hardness is a subclass of hardness that involves the procedures and instruments defined by the standard hardness test.
Example: Let’s define the class ‘colour’ as the subclass of the properties that involve photon emission and an electromagnetic radiation sensible observer.
An individual C of this class ‘colour’ can be defined be declaring the process individual (e.g. daylight illumination) and the observer (e.g. my eyes)
Stating that an entity E hasProperty C, we mean that it can be observed by such setup of process + observer (i.e. observed by my eyes under daylight).
This definition can be generalized by using a generic human eye, so that the observer can be a generic human.
This can be used in material characterization, to define exactly the type of measurement done, including the instrument type.
Comment: A ‘Property’ is a sort of name or label that we put upon objects that interact with an observer in the same specific way.
e.g. “hot” objects are objects that interact with an observer through a perception mechanism aimed to perceive an heat source.
Comment: We know real world entities through observation/perception.
A non-perceivable real world entity does not exist (or it exists on a plane of existance that has no intersection with us and we can say nothing about it).
Perception/observation of a real wolrd entity occurs when the entity stimulate an observer in a peculiar way through a well defined perception channel.
For this reason each property is related to a specific observation process which involves a specific observer with its own perception mechanisms.
The observation process (e.g. a look, a photo shot, a measurement) is performed by an observer (e.g. you, a camera, an instrument) through a specific perception mechanism (e.g. retina impression, CMOS excitation, piezoelectric sensor activation) and involves an observed entity.
An observation is a semiotic process, since it stimulate an interpretant within the interpreter who can communicate the perception result to other interpreters through a sign which is the property.
Property subclasses are specializations that depend on the type of observation processes.
e.g. the property ‘colour’ is related to a process that involves emission or interaction of photon and an observer who can perceive electromagnetic radiation in the visible frequency range.
Properties usually relies on symbolic systems (e.g. for colour it can be palette or RGB).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_2a888cdf_ec4a_4ec5_af1c_0343372fc978
Elucidation: A ‘Property’ that is determined by each ‘Observer’ following a well defined ‘Observation’ procedure through a specific perception channel.
Comment: The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure.
Comment: This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_d8aa8e1f_b650_416d_88a0_5118de945456
Elucidation: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
Example: The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory.
If I don’t believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process.
Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
Comment: A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_d0200cf1_e4f4_45ae_873f_b9359daea3cd
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_dd4a7f3e_ef56_466c_ac1a_d2716b5f87ec
Definition: “A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference” ISO 80000-1
“A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.” International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Elucidation: A ‘Quantity’ that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
Comment: A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object.
A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers.
For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
Comment: Subclasses of ‘QuantitativeProperty’ classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_251cfb4f_5c75_4778_91ed_6c8395212fd8
Elucidation: A ‘Property’ that cannot be univocally determined and depends on an agent (e.g. a human individual, a community) acting as black-box.
Example: The beauty of that girl. The style of your clothing.
Comment: The word subjective means that a non-well defined or an unknown procedure is used for the definition of the property.
This happens due to e.g. the complexity of the object, the lack of a underlying model for the representation of the object, the non-well specified meaning of the property symbols.
A ‘SubjectiveProperty’ cannot be used to univocally compare ‘Object’-s.
e.g. you cannot evaluate the beauty of a person on objective basis.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_909415d1_7c43_4d5e_bbeb_7e1910159f66
Elucidation: An ‘ObjectiveProperty’ that cannot be quantified.
Example: CFC is a ‘sign’ that stands for the fact that the morphology of atoms composing the microstructure of an entity is predominantly Cubic Face Centered
A color is a nominal property.
Sex of a human being.
Comment: “Property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has no magnitude.”
“A nominal property has a value, which can be expressed in words, by alphanumerical codes, or by other means.”
International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_939483b1_0148_43d1_8b35_851d2cd5d939
Elucidation: A ‘sign’ that not only stands for a ‘physical’ or a ‘process’, but it is also a simplified representation, aimed to assist calculations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour.
A ‘model’ represents a ‘physical’ or a ‘process’ by direct similitude (e.g. small scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g. mathematical model).
Comment: A ‘model’ prediction is always a prediction of the properties of an entity, since an entity is known by an interpreter only through perception.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_d7788d1a_020d_4c78_85a1_13563fcec168
Elucidation: A ‘Sign’ that stands for an ‘Object’ by resembling or imitating it, in shape or by sharing a similar logical structure.
Example: A picture that reproduces the aspect of a person.
An equation that reproduces the logical connection of the properties of a physical entity.
Comment: Three subtypes of icon are possible:
the image, which depends on a simple quality (e.g. picture)
the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something (e.g. math formula, geometric flowchart)
the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else
[Wikipedia]
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_71d1c8f0_c6e3_44b5_a4b6_1b74ff35698a
Elucidation: A manufacturing process whose product is the result of the combination of more substances.
Example: Synthesis of materials, the preparation of a cake.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_463bcfda_867b_41d9_a967_211d4d437cfb
Elucidation: An ‘observation’ that results in a quantitative comparison of a ‘property’ of an ‘object’ with a standard reference.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_6c739b1a_a774_4416_bb31_1961486fa9ed
Elucidation: The ‘semiosis’ process of interpreting a ‘physical’ and provide a complec sign, ‘theory’ that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_314d0bd5_67ed_437e_a609_36d46147cea7
Elucidation: A ‘process’ that is recognized by physical sciences and is catogrized accordingly.
Comment: While every ‘process’ in the EMMO involves physical objects, this class is devoted to represent real world objects that express a phenomenon relevant for the ontologist.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_8786cb47_8e1f_4968_9b15_f6d41fc51252
Elucidation: A manufacturing process aimed to the production of a device made of specific components.
Example: Assemblying a bicycle, building a car.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_22522299_4091_4d1f_82a2_3890492df6db
Elucidation: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/holistic#EMMO_43e9a05d_98af_41b4_92f6_00f79a09bfce
Elucidation: A temporal part of a physical that identifies a particular type of evolution in time.
Comment: A ‘Process’ is always a ‘Physical’, since a ‘Void’ does not have elements that evolves in time.
Comment: Following the common definition of process, the reader may think that every ‘Physical’ should be a process, since every 4D object always has a time dimension.
However, in the EMMO we restrict the meaning of the word process to ‘Physical’-s whose evolution in time have a particular meaning for the ontologist (i.e. every 4D object unfolds in time, but not every 4D object may be of interest for the ontologist).
A ‘Process’ is not only something that unfolds in time (which is automatically represented in a 4D ontology), but something that has a meaning for the ontologist (i.e. that the ontologist can separate from the rest of the 4D physical for any reason).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_a4d66059_5dd3_4b90_b4cb_10960559441b
Elucidation: The process of transforming raw materials into a product by the use of manual labor, machinery or chemical/biological processes.
Comment: From Latin manufacture: “made by hand”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_10a5fd39_06aa_4648_9e70_f962a9cb2069
Elucidation: A ‘Semiosis’ that involves an ‘Observer’ that perceives another ‘Physical’ (the ‘Object’) through a specific perception mechanism and produces a ‘Property’ (the ‘Sign’) that stands for the result of that particular perception.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/semiotics#EMMO_008fd3b2_4013_451f_8827_52bceab11841
Elucidation: A ‘Process’, that has participant an ‘Interpreter’, that is aimed to produce a ‘Sign’ representing another participant, the ‘Object’.
Example: Me looking a cat and saying loud: “Cat!” -> the semiosis process
me -> interpreter cat -> object (in Peirce semiotics) the cat perceived by my mind -> interpretant “Cat!” -> sign, the produced sign
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_4b3afb22_27cf_4ce3_88bc_492bfccb546b
Elucidation: A ‘Perceptual’ which stands for a real world object whose spatiotemporal pattern makes it identifiable by an observer as a sound.
Comment: ‘acoustical’ refers to the perception mechanism of the observer that can occur through a microphone, a ear.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_649bf97b_4397_4005_90d9_219755d92e34
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ which stands for a real world object that can stimulate a perception (e.g. a mental impression, the excitation of a sensor) to an interpreter (human or non-human).
Example: A line scratched on a surface. A sound. A smell. The word ‘cat’ and the sound of the word ‘cat’ (the first one is graphical and the second acoustical).
Example: The meta-semiotic process: I see a cloud in the sky. Since I’m an EMMO ontologist, I create an individual named Cloud under the ‘Impression’ class. This semiotic process occurs at meta-level: it’s how I use the EMMO as tool for a direct representation of the world.
The semiotic process within EMMO: My friend looks at the same cloud and says: “It is an elephant”. I use the EMMO to record this experience by declaring: - my friend as MyFriend individual, belonging to ‘Interpreter’ classes - the sound of the word “elephant” as an acoustical impression individual named ElephantWord, belonging to ‘Impression’ - a relation hasSign between Cloud and ElephantWord, that makes ElephantWord also belonging to ‘Sign’ class and Cloud belonging also to ‘Object’ class - a ‘Semiosis’ individual called MyFriendElephantCloud that hasParticipant: Cloud, ElephantWord and MyFriend, respectively as object, sign and interpreter.
Comment: ‘Perceptual’ includes real world objects that: - are part of a communication system (e.g. words, speech, alphabets) - are not part of a communication system, but can be identified and referred by an interpreter
Comment: A ‘Perceptual’ is a meta-object, meaning that is addressed by the ontologist (the meta-interpreter) in a meta-semiotic process occurring outside the EMMO.
A ‘Perceptual’ becomes an ‘Object’, when it is part of a ‘Semiotic’ process described by the ontologist through the EMMO.
Comment: From Latin perceptiō (“a receiving or collecting, perception, comprehension”), from perceptus (“perceived, observed”).
Comment: This class is the most general superclass for the categorization of real world objects that are recognizable by an interpreter (agent).
A ‘Perceptual’ can stand for something else in a semiotic process (acting as sign or as object).
However, a perceptual is not necessarily a ‘Sign’ (e.g. a line sketched on a blackboard is a recognizable ‘Perceptual’ but it may stand for nothing).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_89a0c87c_0804_4013_937a_6fe234d9499c
Elucidation: A symbolic entity made of other symbolic entities according to a specific spatial configuration.
Comment: This class collects individuals that represents arrangements of strings, or other symbolic compositions, without any particular predifined arrangement schema.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_4bc29b0f_8fcc_4026_a291_f9774a66d9b8
Elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.
Example: y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_1da53c06_9577_4008_8652_272fa3b62be7
Elucidation: A ‘Graphical’ that stands for a real world object that shows a recognizable pictorial pattern without being necessarily associated to a symbolic language.
Example: A drawing of a cat. A circle on a paper sheet. The Mona Lisa.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_8681074a_e225_4e38_b586_e85b0f43ce38
Elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a programming language.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_64aba1e5_24b7_4140_8eb4_676c35698e79
Elucidation: A language object respectin the syntactic rules of C++.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_d8d2144e_5c8d_455d_a643_5caf4d8d9df8
Elucidation: A language object is a symbolic object respecting a specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_29afdf54_90ae_4c98_8845_fa9ea3f143a8
Elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
Example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
The definition of density as mass/volume.
y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_057e7d57_aff0_49de_911a_8861d85cef40
Elucidation: An ‘Graphical’ that stands for a token or a composition of tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
Example: fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_e56ee3eb_7609_4ae1_8bed_51974f0960a6
Elucidation: The class of ‘mathematical’-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
Example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
Comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as:
f(v0, v1, …, vn) = g(v0, v1, …, vn)
where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, …, vn are the variables.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_c74da218_9147_4f03_92d1_8894abca55f3
Elucidation: A ‘Perceptual’ which stands for a real world object whose spatial configuration shows a pattern identifiable by an observer.
Example: ‘Graphical’ objects include writings, pictures, sketches …
Comment: From the Ancient Greek γραφή (graphḗ) which means drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, and from γράφω (gráphō) which means scratch, carve.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_a6138ba7_e365_4f2d_b6b4_fe5a5918d403
Example: 1 + 1 = 2
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_98d65021_4574_4890_b2fb_46430841077f
Example: 2 * a - b = c
Comment: An ‘equation’ that has parts two ‘polynomial’-s
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_0a318776_b067_4de0_a2a6_cba2cf6333f8
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_add2e29d_6d87_4b78_9706_588e25557093
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_48716718_225f_4c88_89e2_d819d30c90a2
Elucidation: A language object that follows syntactic rules of a an idiom (e.g. english, italian).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_09007bc0_b5f2_4fb9_af01_caf948cf2044
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_50ea1ec5_f157_41b0_b46b_a9032f17ca10
Elucidation: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
Example: The word “cat” considered as a collection of ‘symbol’-s respecting the rules of english language.
In this example the ‘symbolic’ entity “cat” is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word).
If an ‘interpreter’ skilled in english language is involved in a ‘semiotic’ process with this word, that “cat” became also a ‘sign’ i.e. it became for the ‘interpreter’ a representation for a real cat.
Comment: A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
Comment: A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it’s simply directly made of symbols.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_0b6ebe5a_0026_4bef_a1c1_5be00df9f98e
Elucidation: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
Example: f(x) > 0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_88470739_03d3_4c47_a03e_b30a1288d50c
Elucidation: A mathematical string that can be evaluated as true or false.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_e5438930_04e7_4d42_ade5_3700d4a52ab7
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a ‘physics_quantity’ (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
Example: The Lennard-Jones potential.
A force field.
An Hamiltonian.
Comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_27c5d8c6_8af7_4d63_beb1_ec37cd8b3fa3
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a ‘physical_law’ by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
Example: The Newton’s equation of motion.
The Schrödinger equation.
The Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_5f278af9_8593_4e27_a717_ccc9e07a0ddf
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_b2a234a8_579a_422c_9305_b8f7e72c76cd
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_0ef4ff4a_5458_4f2a_b51f_4689d472a3f2
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_d7bf784a_db94_4dd9_861c_54f262846fbf
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_46f0f8df_4dc6_418f_8036_10427a3a288e
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_39362460_2a97_4367_8f93_0418c2ac9a08
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_0c576e13_4ee7_4f3d_bfe9_1614243df018
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_0ab0485c_9e5b_4257_a679_90a2dfba5c7c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_86060335_31c2_4820_b433_27c64aea0366
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_3e309118_e8b7_4021_80f4_642d2df65d94
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_b5957cef_a287_442d_a3ce_fd39f20ba1cd
Elucidation: A ‘graphical’ aimed to represent a geometrical concept.
Comment: A ‘geometrical’ stands for real world objects that express a geometrical concept.
This can be achieved in many different ways. For example, a line can be expressed by: a) an equation like y=mx+q, which is both an ‘equation’ and a ‘geometrical’ b) a line drawn with a pencil on a paper, which is simply a ‘graphical’ object c) a set of axioms, when the properties of a line are inferred by the interpreter reading them, that are both ‘graphical’ and also ‘formula’
The case a) is a geometrical and mathematical, b) is geometrical and pictorial, while c) is geometrical and a composition of idiomatic strings.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_25f5ca8e_8f7f_44d8_a392_bd3fe8894458
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_9268958f_7f54_48ab_a693_febe2645892b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6795a4b8_ffd0_4588_a581_a9413fe49cac
Elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
Comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_28ef05a7_ecc1_4df6_8116_c53251fbd4a8
Definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_c2f5ee66_579c_44c6_a2e9_fa2eaa9fa4da
Elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
Comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). – SI Brochure
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_1e0b665d_db6c_4752_a6d4_262d3a8dbb46
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
Altlabel: MinuteOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_db716151_6b73_45ff_910c_d182fdcbb4f5
Elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cabb20f0_05c7_448f_9485_e129725f15a4
Definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_32129fb5_df25_48fd_a29c_18a2f22a2dd5
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f8b92999_3cde_46e3_99d5_664da3090a02
Definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_bed2fe4c_dc7e_43a8_8200_6aac44030bff
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_cf3dd6cc_c5d6_4b3d_aef4_82f3b7a361af
Elucidation: Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_0a318776_b067_4de0_a2a6_cba2cf6333f8
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_d6eb0176_a0d7_4b4e_8df0_50e912be2342
Definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a121bb1d_5225_4c78_809b_0268c3012208
Elucidation: Measure of plane angle.
Comment: Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b8830065_3809_41b7_be3c_e33795567fd9
Definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_a155dc93_d266_487e_b5e7_2a2c72d5ebf9
Definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_50a3552e_859a_4ff7_946d_76d537cabce6
Elucidation: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e7bc8939_7ff8_4917_beb5_c42730b390f3
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Example: Unit for refractive index.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6a4547ab_3abb_430d_b81b_ce32d47729f5
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
Altlabel: SecondOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f992dc76_f9a6_45f6_8873_c8e20d16fbbe
Definition: Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_9fd1e79d_41d1_44f8_8142_66dbdf0fc7ad
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Example: Unit for volume fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f76f5a24_d703_4e8c_b368_f9a7777cb73a
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Example: Unit for amount fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_21ef2ed6_c086_4d24_8a75_980d2bcc9282
Definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6f4d704a_a7c6_4c07_b8a7_ea0bab04128f
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Example: Unit for solid angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_27c530c4_dfcd_486e_b324_54ad4448cd26
Definition: Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
Altlabel: Angstrom
Comment: Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_5ebd5e01_0ed3_49a2_a30d_cd05cbe72978
Elucidation: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
Example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
Example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_432192c4_111f_4e80_b7cd_c6ce1c1129ea
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_053648ea_3c0a_468c_89cb_eb009239323a
Definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_216f448e_cdbc_4aeb_a529_7a5fe7fc38bb
Elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Example: Some examples are “Pa”, “m” and “J”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_00dd79e0_31a6_427e_9b9c_90f3097e4a96
Definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e29f84db_4c1c_46ae_aa38_c4d47536b972
Definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3ee80521_3c23_4dd1_935d_9d522614a3e2
Elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
Comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_a817035a_3e3c_4709_8ede_3205df3031a3
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b41515a9_28d8_4d78_8165_74b2fc72f89e
Definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
The value of a ratio in nepers is given by ln(x1/x2) where x1 and x2 are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved.
Wikipedia
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cdc962d8_f3ea_4764_a57a_c7caa4859179
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Example: Unit for plane angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_18448443_dcf1_49b8_a321_cf46e2c393e1
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Example: Unit for mass fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_74b05aed_66bf_43c8_aa2c_752a9ca8be03
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_15d62b55_38ea_4aec_b7c4_25db1a2e5a01
Elucidation: Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a ‘FractionUnit’.
Example: Unit of AtomicNumber
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6c7160fc_cc64_46f0_b43b_aba65e9952e3
Definition: One bel is defined as 1⁄2 ln(10) neper.
Elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
Comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
Comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_a1083d0a_c1fb_471f_8e20_a98f881ad527
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for an elementary mark of a specific symbolic code (alphabet).
Example: The class of letter “A” is the symbol as idea and the letter A that you see on the screen is the mark.
Comment: Subclasses of ‘Symbol’ are alphabets, in formal languages terminology.
A ‘Symbol’ is atomic for that alphabet, i.e. it has no parts that are symbols for the same alphabet. e.g. a math symbol is not made of other math symbols
A Symbol may be a String in another language. e.g. “Bq” is the symbol for Becquerel units when dealing with metrology, or a string of “B” and “q” symbols when dealing with characters.
Comment: Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses).
Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation of them. (Wikipedia)
Comment: The class is the idea of the symbol, while the individual of that class stands for a specific mark (or token) of that idea.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_4bc29b0f_8fcc_4026_a291_f9774a66d9b8
Elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.
Example: y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_98d65021_4574_4890_b2fb_46430841077f
Example: 2 * a - b = c
Comment: An ‘equation’ that has parts two ‘polynomial’-s
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_06658d8d_dcde_4fc9_aae1_17f71c0bcdec
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_54ee6b5e_5261_44a8_86eb_5717e7fdb9d0
Elucidation: The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_d1d436e7_72fc_49cd_863b_7bfb4ba5276a
Example: viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
Comment: A ‘variable’ whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_1eed0732_e3f1_4b2c_a9c4_b4e75eeb5895
Elucidation: A ‘Variable’ is a symbolic object that stands for a numerical defined ‘Mathematical’ object like e.g. a number, a vector, a matrix.
Example: x k
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_4ce76d7f_03f8_45b6_9003_90052a79bfaa
Elucidation: A ‘Mathematical’ that has no unknown value, i.e. all its ’Variable“-s parts refers to a ‘Number’ (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another ‘Numerical’ (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_29afdf54_90ae_4c98_8845_fa9ea3f143a8
Elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
Example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
The definition of density as mass/volume.
y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_1cba0b27_15d0_4326_933f_379d0b3565b6
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_ae15fb4f_8e4d_41de_a0f9_3997f89ba6a2
Elucidation: A ‘varaible’ that stand for a well known constant.
Example: π refers to the constant number ~3.14
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_28fbea28_2204_4613_87ff_6d877b855fcd%20
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_fe7e56ce_118b_4243_9aad_20eb9f4f31f6
Elucidation: The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Example: Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_e56ee3eb_7609_4ae1_8bed_51974f0960a6
Elucidation: The class of ‘mathematical’-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
Example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
Comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as:
f(v0, v1, …, vn) = g(v0, v1, …, vn)
where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, …, vn are the variables.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_0b6ebe5a_0026_4bef_a1c1_5be00df9f98e
Elucidation: A relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions.
Example: f(x) > 0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_a6138ba7_e365_4f2d_b6b4_fe5a5918d403
Example: 1 + 1 = 2
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_88470739_03d3_4c47_a03e_b30a1288d50c
Elucidation: A mathematical string that can be evaluated as true or false.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_e5438930_04e7_4d42_ade5_3700d4a52ab7
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a ‘physics_quantity’ (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
Example: The Lennard-Jones potential.
A force field.
An Hamiltonian.
Comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_27c5d8c6_8af7_4d63_beb1_ec37cd8b3fa3
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a ‘physical_law’ by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
Example: The Newton’s equation of motion.
The Schrödinger equation.
The Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_535d75a4_1972_40bc_88c6_ca566386934f
Elucidation: The equals symbol.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_5be83f9c_a4ba_4b9a_be1a_5bfc6e891231
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_53935db0_af45_4426_b9e9_244a0d77db00
Elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of mesoscopic entities, i.e. a set of bounded atoms like a molecule, bead or nanoparticle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_84cadc45_6758_46f2_ba2a_5ead65c70213
Elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of atoms.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_a4b14b83_9392_4a5f_a2e8_b2b58793f59b
Elucidation: A computational model that uses existing data to create new insight into the behaviour of a system.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_f7ed665b_c2e1_42bc_889b_6b42ed3a36f0
Comment: A mathematical model can be defined as a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language to facilitate proper explanation of a system or to study the effects of different components and to make predictions on patterns of behaviour.
Abramowitz and Stegun, 1968
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_4456a5d2_16a6_4ee1_9a8e_5c75956b28ea
Elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of continuum volume.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_6eca09be_17e9_445e_abc9_000aa61b7a11
Elucidation: A physics-based model based on a physics equation describing the behaviour of electrons.
Example: Density functional theory. Hartree-Fock.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_b29fd350_39aa_4af7_9459_3faa0544cba6
Elucidation: A solvable set of one Physics Equation and one or more Materials Relations.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_27c5d8c6_8af7_4d63_beb1_ec37cd8b3fa3
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a ‘physical_law’ by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
Example: The Newton’s equation of motion.
The Schrödinger equation.
The Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_f8a2fe9f_458b_4771_9aba_a50e76afc52d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_46d5643b_9706_4b67_8bea_ed77d6026539
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_f6d0c26a_98b6_4cf8_8632_aa259131faaa
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_2b1303e8_d4c3_453b_9918_76f1d009543f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_8de14a59_660b_454f_aff8_76a07ce185f4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_b5c58790_fb2d_42eb_b184_2a3f6ca60acb
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_707f0cd1_941c_4b57_9f20_d0ba30cd6ff3
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_223d9523_4169_4ecd_b8af_acad1215e1ff
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_a365b3c1_7bde_41d7_a15b_2820762e85f4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_3c424d37_cf62_41b1_ac9d_a316f8d113d6
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_048a14e3_65fb_457d_8695_948965c89492
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_acd1a504_ca32_4f30_86ad_0b62cea5bc02
Elucidation: A reference unit provided by a reference material. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Example: Arbitrary amount-of-substance concentration of lutropin in a given sample of plasma (WHO international standard 80/552): 5.0 International Unit/l
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6795a4b8_ffd0_4588_a581_a9413fe49cac
Elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
Comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_28ef05a7_ecc1_4df6_8116_c53251fbd4a8
Definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_c2f5ee66_579c_44c6_a2e9_fa2eaa9fa4da
Elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
Comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). – SI Brochure
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_1e0b665d_db6c_4752_a6d4_262d3a8dbb46
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
Altlabel: MinuteOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_db716151_6b73_45ff_910c_d182fdcbb4f5
Elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cabb20f0_05c7_448f_9485_e129725f15a4
Definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_32129fb5_df25_48fd_a29c_18a2f22a2dd5
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f8b92999_3cde_46e3_99d5_664da3090a02
Definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_cf3dd6cc_c5d6_4b3d_aef4_82f3b7a361af
Elucidation: Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_d6eb0176_a0d7_4b4e_8df0_50e912be2342
Definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a121bb1d_5225_4c78_809b_0268c3012208
Elucidation: Measure of plane angle.
Comment: Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b8830065_3809_41b7_be3c_e33795567fd9
Definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_a155dc93_d266_487e_b5e7_2a2c72d5ebf9
Definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_50a3552e_859a_4ff7_946d_76d537cabce6
Elucidation: A symbol that stands for a concept in the language of the meterological domain of ISO 80000.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e7bc8939_7ff8_4917_beb5_c42730b390f3
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Example: Unit for refractive index.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6a4547ab_3abb_430d_b81b_ce32d47729f5
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
Altlabel: SecondOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f992dc76_f9a6_45f6_8873_c8e20d16fbbe
Definition: Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_9fd1e79d_41d1_44f8_8142_66dbdf0fc7ad
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Example: Unit for volume fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f76f5a24_d703_4e8c_b368_f9a7777cb73a
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Example: Unit for amount fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_21ef2ed6_c086_4d24_8a75_980d2bcc9282
Definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6f4d704a_a7c6_4c07_b8a7_ea0bab04128f
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Example: Unit for solid angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_27c530c4_dfcd_486e_b324_54ad4448cd26
Definition: Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
Altlabel: Angstrom
Comment: Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_985bec21_989f_4b9e_a4b3_735d88099c3c
Elucidation: A language object used in metrology.
Comment: Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, whatever the measurement uncertainty and field of application.
– International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Comment: This language domain makes use of ISO 80000 concepts.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_5ebd5e01_0ed3_49a2_a30d_cd05cbe72978
Elucidation: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
Example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
Example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_053648ea_3c0a_468c_89cb_eb009239323a
Definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_216f448e_cdbc_4aeb_a529_7a5fe7fc38bb
Elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Example: Some examples are “Pa”, “m” and “J”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_00dd79e0_31a6_427e_9b9c_90f3097e4a96
Definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e29f84db_4c1c_46ae_aa38_c4d47536b972
Definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3ee80521_3c23_4dd1_935d_9d522614a3e2
Elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
Comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b41515a9_28d8_4d78_8165_74b2fc72f89e
Definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
The value of a ratio in nepers is given by ln(x1/x2) where x1 and x2 are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved.
Wikipedia
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cdc962d8_f3ea_4764_a57a_c7caa4859179
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Example: Unit for plane angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_c9c8f824_9127_4f93_bc21_69fe78a7f6f2
Elucidation: A reference unit provided by a measurement procedure.
Example: Rockwell C hardness of a given sample (150 kg load): 43.5HRC(150 kg)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_18448443_dcf1_49b8_a321_cf46e2c393e1
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Example: Unit for mass fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_15d62b55_38ea_4aec_b7c4_25db1a2e5a01
Elucidation: Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a ‘FractionUnit’.
Example: Unit of AtomicNumber
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6c7160fc_cc64_46f0_b43b_aba65e9952e3
Definition: One bel is defined as 1⁄2 ln(10) neper.
Elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
Comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
Comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_18ce5200_00f5_45bb_8c6f_6fb128cd41ae
Comment: A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such. International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Comment: A symbolic is recognized as reference unit also if it is not part of a quatity (e.g. as in the sentence “the Bq is the reference unit of Becquerel”).
For this reason we can’t declare the axiom: ReferenceUnit SubClassOf: inverse(hasReferenceUnit) some Quantity because there exist reference units without being part of a quantity.
This is peculiar to EMMO, where quantities (symbolic) are distinct with properties (semiotics).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_847f1d9f_205e_46c1_8cb6_a9e479421f88
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3227b821_26a5_4c7c_9c01_5c24483e0bd0
Comment: “The unit one is the neutral element of any system of units – necessary and present automatically.” SI Brochure
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b3600e73_3e05_479d_9714_c041c3acf5cc
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d5f3e0e5_fc7d_4e64_86ad_555e74aaff84
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ab79e92b_5377_454d_be06_d61b50db295a
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_585e0ff0_9429_4d3c_b578_58abb1ba21d1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_33433bb1_c68f_45ee_a466_f01e2c57b214
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_5c003f53_20a2_4bd7_8445_58187e582578
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a77a0a4b_6bd2_42b2_be27_4b63cebbb59e
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_668e6ead_1530_40cc_ad5e_24b880edff50
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_53e825d9_1a09_483c_baa7_37501ebfbe1c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_321af35f_f0cc_4a5c_b4fe_8c2c0303fb0c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b14d9be5_f81e_469b_abca_379c2e83feab
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ce7d4720_aa20_4a8c_93e8_df41a35b6723
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_53bd0c90_41c3_46e2_8779_cd2a80f7e18b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_2e7e5796_4a80_4d73_bb84_f31138446c0c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e501069c_34d3_4dc7_ac87_c90c7342192b
Comment: “In the name “amount of substance”, the word “substance” will typically be replaced by words to specify the substance concerned in any particular application, for example “amount of hydrogen chloride, HCl”, or “amount of benzene, C6H6”. It is important to give a precise definition of the entity involved (as emphasized in the definition of the mole); this should preferably be done by specifying the molecular chemical formula of the material involved. Although the word “amount” has a more general dictionary definition, the abbreviation of the full name “amount of substance” to “amount” may be used for brevity.” SI Brochure
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4c49ab58_a6f6_409e_b849_f873ae1dcbee
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_515b5579_d526_4842_9e6f_ecc34db6f368
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_af24ae20_8ef2_435a_86a1_2ea44488b318
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1c2226a9_22f0_40c8_8928_5a01d398f96e
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_c8d084ad_f88e_4596_8e4d_982c6655ce6f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4f5c7c54_1c63_4d17_b12b_ea0792c2b187
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_77e9dc31_5b19_463e_b000_44c6e79f98aa
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_9141801c_c539_4c72_b423_8c74ff6b8f05
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_501f9b3a_c469_48f7_9281_2e6a8d805d7a
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_14ff4393_0f28_4fb4_abc7_c2cc00bc761d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_02e894c3_b793_4197_b120_3442e08f58d1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f84792eb_ec64_4a6b_941f_c9f3e9ef052c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ec903946_ddc9_464a_903c_7373e0d1eeb5
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f6070071_d054_4b17_9d2d_f446f7147d0f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_3ecff38b_b3cf_4a78_b49f_8580abf8715b
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_9895a1b4_f0a5_4167_ac5e_97db40b8bfcc
Elucidation: A symbol that, following SI specifications, describe the physical dimensionality of a physical quantity and the exponents of the base units in a measurement unit.
Comment: All physical quantities, with the exception of counts, are derived quantities, which may be written in terms of base quantities according to the equations of physics. The dimensions of the derived quantities are written as products of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities using the equations that relate the derived quantities to the base quantities. In general the dimension of any quantity Q is written in the form of a dimensional product,
dim Q = T^α L^β M^γ I^δ Θ^ε N^ζ J^η
where the exponents α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ and η, which are generally small integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero, are called the dimensional exponents. (SI brochure)
Comment: The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a base quantity is a single upper case letter in roman (upright) type. The conventional symbolic representation of the dimension of a derived quantity is the product of powers of the dimensions of the base quantities according to the definition of the derived quantity. The dimension of a quantity Q is denoted by dim Q. ISO 80000-1
Comment: The expression used by the EMMO for physical dimensions is a metrological symbol (but a string at meta level, i.e. the ontologist level) like this:
Ta Lb Mc Id Θe Nf Jg
where a, b, c, d, e, f and g are 0 or signed integers.
Regex for the physical dimension symbol for the EMMO is: ^T([+-][1-9]|0) L([+-][1-9]|0) M([+-][1-9]|0) I([+-][1-9]|0) Θ([+-][1-9]|0) N([+-][1-9]|0) J([+-][1-9]|0)$
Examples of correspondance between base units and physical dimensions are: mol -> T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0 s -> T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0 A/m2 -> T0 L0 M-2 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_7610efb8_c7c6_4684_abc1_774783c62472
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_66d01570_36dd_42fd_844d_29b81b029cd5
Comment: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_momentum
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04cc9451_5306_45d0_8554_22cee4d6e785
Elucidation: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Altlabel: ElectricInductance
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_81e767f1_59b1_4d7a_bf69_17f322241831
Elucidation: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B:
ΔW = −μ · BIecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-55
Iso80000ref: 10-9.1
Comment: For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as:
W = g μ M Bwhere g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density.
– ISO 80000
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_moment
Iupacentry: http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688
Physicaldimension: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0a88be81_343d_4388_92c1_09228ff95ada
Elucidation: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
Comment: The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a8eb87b5_4d10_4137_a75c_e04ee59ca095
Elucidation: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume_fraction
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/VolumeFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_58a650f0_a638_4743_8439_535a325e5c4c
Elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a3c78d6f_ae49_47c8_a634_9b6d86b79382
Comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_RybergConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e7c9f7fd_e534_4441_88fe_1fec6cb20f26
Elucidation: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e88f75d6_9a17_4cfc_bdf7_43d7cea5a9a1
Elucidation: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
Altlabel: Resistance
Comment: Inverse of ‘ElectricalConductance’.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d4f7d378_5e3b_468a_baa1_a7e98358cda7
Definition: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
Elucidation: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-03
Comment: Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as “what clocks read”.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Time
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cd2cd0de_e0cc_4ef1_b27e_2e88db027bac
Elucidation: Extend of a spatial dimension.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-19
Comment: Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Length
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_44fc8c60_7a9c_49af_a046_e1878c88862c
Comment: The rest mass of an electron.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectronMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_81369540_1b0e_471b_9bae_6801af22800e
Comment: Length per unit time.
Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Speed
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e2ee1c98_497a_4f66_b4ed_5711496a848e
Elucidation: Perceived power of light.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_07de47e0_6bb6_45b9_b55a_4f238efbb105
Definition: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Atomic_number
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_27367073_ed8a_481a_9b07_f836dfe31f7f
Definition: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
Comment: Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
Comment: The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_50bf79a6_a48b_424d_9d2c_813bd631231a
Elucidation: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_intensity
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f96feb3f_4438_4e43_aa44_7458c4d87fc2
Elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4091d5ec_a4df_42b9_a073_9a090839279f
Comment: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Enthalpy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_76cc4efc_231e_42b4_be83_2547681caed6
Elucidation: The quantum of action.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_88fc5d1b_d3ab_4626_b24c_915ebe7400ca
Comment: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Chemical_potential
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_02c0621e_a527_4790_8a0f_2bb51973c819
Elucidation: A ‘Mathematical’ entity that is made of a ‘Numeral’ and a ‘MeasurementUnit’ defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective. Measurement is done according to the same model.
Comment: In the same system of quantities, dim ρB = ML−3 is the quantity dimension of mass concentration of component B, and ML−3 is also the quantity dimension of mass density, ρ. ISO 80000-1
Comment: Measured or simulated ‘physical propertiy’-s are always defined by a physical law, connected to a physical entity through a model perspective and measurement is done according to the same model.
Systems of units suggests that this is the correct approach, since except for the fundamental units (length, time, charge) every other unit is derived by mathematical relations between these fundamental units, implying a physical laws or definitions.
Comment: Measurement units of quantities of the same quantity dimension may be designated by the same name and symbol even when the quantities are not of the same kind.
For example, joule per kelvin and J/K are respectively the name and symbol of both a measurement unit of heat capacity and a measurement unit of entropy, which are generally not considered to be quantities of the same kind.
However, in some cases special measurement unit names are restricted to be used with quantities of specific kind only.
For example, the measurement unit ‘second to the power minus one’ (1/s) is called hertz (Hz) when used for frequencies and becquerel (Bq) when used for activities of radionuclides.
As another example, the joule (J) is used as a unit of energy, but never as a unit of moment of force, i.e. the newton metre (N · m).
Comment: — quantities of the same kind have the same quantity dimension, — quantities of different quantity dimensions are always of different kinds, and — quantities having the same quantity dimension are not necessarily of the same kind. ISO 80000-1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_97589322_710c_4af4_9431_1e5027f2be42
Comment: Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
Comment: a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1f087811_06cb_42d5_90fb_25d0e7e068ef
Elucidation: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Force
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f3dd74c0_f480_49e8_9764_33b78638c235
Definition: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
Altlabel: PlaneAngle
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Angle
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ac540a9d_0131_43f6_a33b_17e5cfc432ed
Elucidation: The energy of an object due to its motion.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-49
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Kinetic_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/KineticEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cc01751d_dd05_429b_9d0c_1b7a74d1f277
Definition: The charge of an electron.
Comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d1917609_db5e_4b8a_9b76_ef1d6f860a81
Comment: Force per unit oriented surface area .
Comment: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Stress_(mechanics)
Physicaldimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_79a02de5_b884_4eab_bc18_f67997d597a2
Comment: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_impedance
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ed4af7ae_63a2_497e_bb88_2309619ea405
Elucidation: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4c151909_6f26_4ef9_b43d_7c9e9514883a
Elucidation: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-48
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Potential_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/PotentialEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_50a44256_9dc5_434b_bad4_74a4d9a29989
Elucidation: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Pressure
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819
Physicaldimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_92b2fb85_2143_4bc7_bbca_df3e6944bfc1
Comment: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element’s inductance or capacitance.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_reactance
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0329f1f5_8339_4ce4_8505_a264c6d606ba
Definition: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector.
– ISO 80000-3
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-32
Iso80000ref: 3‑10.1
Comment: The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description.
– IEC, note 2
Comment: The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave.
– IEC, note 1
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_bd67d149_24c2_4bc9_833a_c2bc26f98fd3
Elucidation: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e37ac288_aa60_415a_8cb7_c375724ac8e1
Comment: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Acceleration
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_9d8f708a_f291_4d72_80ec_362c6e6bbca6
Elucidation: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
Comment: In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Center_of_mass
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1a179ce4_3724_47f8_bee5_6292e3ac9942
Elucidation: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-35
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-36
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_dipole_moment
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/ElectricDipoleMoment
Physicaldimension: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ffb73b1e_5786_43e4_a964_cb32ac7affb7
Elucidation: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
Altlabel: Conductance
Comment: Inverse of ‘ElectricalResistance’.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
Physicaldimension: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_43776fc9_d712_4571_85f0_72183678039a
Comment: Product of mass and velocity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Momentum
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8d3da9ac_2265_4382_bee5_db72046722f8
Elucidation: Decays per unit time.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f35cff4d_dc09_44cf_a729_22fb79e3bfb2
Elucidation: Quantities declared under the ISO 80000.
Seealso: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en:sec:3.1
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_dc6c8de0_cfc4_4c66_a7dc_8f720e732d54
Definition: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8159c26a_494b_4fa0_9959_10888f152298
Elucidation: The number of elementary entities present.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_99296e55_53f7_4333_9e06_760ad175a1b9
Elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0ee5779e_d798_4ee5_9bfe_c392d5bea112
Comment: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Permittivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Permittivity
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04cf0295_3e8f_4693_a87f_3130d125cf05
Comment: Force of gravity acting on a body.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Weight
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_acf636d4_9ac2_4ce3_960a_d54338e6cae3
Elucidation: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-57
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Strain
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_3b931698_937e_49be_ab1b_36fa52d91181
Elucidation: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_830b59f7_d047_438c_90cd_62845749efcb
Elucidation: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-04-20
Altlabel: ThermodynamicEnergy
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Internal_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/InternalEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_5eedba4d_105b_44d8_b1bc_e33606276ea2
Comment: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Refractive_index
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d5be1faf_0c56_4f5a_9b78_581e6dee949f
Altlabel: Concentration
Altlabel: MolarConcentration
Altlabel: Molarity
Comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Molar_concentration
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_7c055d65_2929_40e1_af4f_4bf10995ad50
Comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/MassFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_09663630_1b84_4202_91e6_e641104f579e
Comment: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_961d1aba_f75e_4411_aaa4_457f7516ed6b
Elucidation: Strength of the magnetic field.
Comment: Often denoted B.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
Physicaldimension: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ecec2983_7c26_4f8d_a981_51ca29668baf
Elucidation: The inverse of length.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Reciprocal_length
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e46f3f24_c2ec_4552_8dd4_cfc5c0a89c09
Comment: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Radiant_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_faab3f84_e475_4a46_af9c_7d249f0b9aef
Elucidation: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
Example: refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
Comment: Quantities defined as ratios Q=A/B having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B).
Johansson, Ingvar (2010). “Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions”. Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Seealso: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1604f495_328a_4f28_9962_f4cc210739dd
Elucidation: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Altlabel: Charge
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ffc7735f_c177_46a4_98e9_a54440d29209
Elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_44da6d75_54a4_4aa8_bd3a_156f6e9abb8e
Definition: Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
Altlabel: Position
Comment: In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length.
– IEC
Comment: Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used.
– ISO 80000-3
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8d689295_7d84_421b_bc01_d5cceb2c2086
Comment: The rest mass of a proton.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ProtonMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_de021e4f_918f_47ef_a67b_11120f56b9d7
Comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MagneticConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b4895f75_41c8_4fd9_b6d6_4d5f7c99c423
Comment: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_affe07e4_e9bc_4852_86c6_69e26182a17f
Elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Thermodynamic_temperature
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_99dba333_0dbd_4f75_8841_8c0f97fd58e2
Elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
Altlabel: ElectricCapacitance
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Capacitance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_06448f64_8db6_4304_8b2c_e785dba82044
Comment: Mass per volume.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_31ec09ba_1713_42cb_83c7_b38bf6f9ced2
Elucidation: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
Comment: Energy is often defined as “ability of a system to perform work”, but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_eb561764_276e_413d_a8cb_3a3154fd9bf8
Definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
Comment: Resistance quantum.
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_VonKlitzingConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_3df10765_f6ff_4c9e_be3d_10b1809d78bd
Elucidation: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_624d72ee_e676_4470_9434_c22b4190d3d5
Definition: Product of force and displacement.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Work_(physics)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_66bc9029_f473_45ff_bab9_c3509ff37a22
Elucidation: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold.
Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Temperature
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_7c8007b0_58a7_4486_bf1c_4772852caca0
Comment: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Current_density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_aaf9dd7f_0474_40d0_9606_02def8515249
Elucidation: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-26
Comment: Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Torque
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Torque
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_09b9021b_f97b_43eb_b83d_0a764b472bc2
Elucidation: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_96f39f77_44dc_491b_8fa7_30d887fe0890
Comment: Extent of a surface.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Area
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429
Physicaldimension: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a66427d1_9932_4363_9ec5_7d91f2bfda1e
Elucidation: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Dimensionless_quantity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04b3300c_98bd_42dc_a3b5_e6c29d69f1ac
Definition: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
Altlabel: MoleFraction
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mole_fraction
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/AmountOfSubstanceFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_afea89af_ef16_4bdb_99d5_f3b2f4c85a6c
Comment: Mass per unit area.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Area_density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cde4368c_1d4d_4c94_8548_604749523c6d
Comment: Measure of a material’s ability to conduct an electric current.
Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245
Physicaldimension: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d859588d_44dc_4614_bc75_5fcd0058acc8
Comment: The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Wavenumber
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Wavenumber
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1e7603a7_1365_49b8_b5e5_3711c8e6b904
Comment: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Vergence
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1a4c1a97_88a7_4d8e_b2f9_2ca58e92dde4
Elucidation: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_16f2fe60_2db7_43ca_8fee_5b3e416bfe87
Comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8e5dd473_808b_4a8a_b7cd_63068c12ff57
Definition: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Absorbed_dose
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f1a51559_aa3d_43a0_9327_918039f0dfed
Comment: Extent of an object in space.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_2946d40b_24a1_47fa_8176_e3f79bb45064
Elucidation: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b51fbd00_a857_4132_9711_0ef70e7bdd20
Definition: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Illuminance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e150fa8d_06dc_4bb8_bf95_04e2aea529c1
Comment: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_9bbab0be_f9cc_4f46_9f46_0fd271911b79
Comment: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
Comment: May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Entropy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_c995ae70_3b84_4ebb_bcfc_69e6a281bb88
Elucidation: A flow of electric charge.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_current
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_12d4ba9b_2f89_4ea3_b206_cd376f96c875
Comment: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ba882f34_0d71_4e4f_9d92_0c076c633a2c
Elucidation: A pure number, typically the number of something.
Example: 1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Comment: According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance.
This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities.
“There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.”
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_61a32ae9_8200_473a_bd55_59a9899996f4
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectricConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_852b4ab8_fc29_4749_a8c7_b92d4fca7d5a
Elucidation: Number of periods per time interval.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4f2d3939_91b1_4001_b8ab_7d19074bf845
Elucidation: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
Altlabel: Voltage
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Voltage
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_18d180e4_5e3e_42f7_820c_e08951223486
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_f8bd64d5_5d3e_4ad4_a46e_c30714fecb7f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_21f56795_ee72_4858_b571_11cfaa59c1a8
Elucidation: A numerical data value.
Comment: A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an “atomic” object (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
A ‘Number’ individual provide the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
Comment: In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it.
More than one numeral stand for the same number.
In the EMMO abstract entities does not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number).
Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system).
The fact that you can’t give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used.
For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_54dc83cb_06e1_4739_9e45_bc09cead7f48
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6795a4b8_ffd0_4588_a581_a9413fe49cac
Elucidation: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI.
Comment: This is a list of units that are not defined as part of the International System of Units (SI), but are otherwise mentioned in the SI brouchure, because either the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) accepts their use as being multiples or submultiples of SI-units, they have important contemporary application worldwide, or are otherwise commonly encountered worldwide.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b0d1c460_d06b_4c7f_8832_148bc1c8e7dc
Elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for area.
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/squareMetre
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_28ef05a7_ecc1_4df6_8116_c53251fbd4a8
Definition: A measure of time defined as 86 400 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Day
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01527
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DAY
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_52e4cb25_da39_45e2_a6db_063ec5730499
Elucidation: The centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.
Comment: CGS is a variant of the metric system.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_c2f5ee66_579c_44c6_a2e9_fa2eaa9fa4da
Elucidation: Unit for fractions of quantities of the same kind, to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed.
Comment: Quantities that are ratios of quantities of the same kind (for example length ratios and amount fractions) have the option of being expressed with units (m/m, mol/mol to aid the understanding of the quantity being expressed and also allow the use of SI prefixes, if this is desirable (μm/m, nmol/mol). – SI Brochure
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_4a27950a_0d31_4175_bd4e_14995aa94702
Elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for speed.
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/metrePerSecond-Time
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_1e0b665d_db6c_4752_a6d4_262d3a8dbb46
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/60 or a degree.
Altlabel: MinuteOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCMIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_60b78cc3_6011_4134_95ab_956f56d4bdc1
Elucidation: A derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of base units is NOT equal to one.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_db716151_6b73_45ff_910c_d182fdcbb4f5
Elucidation: A set of units that correspond to the base quantities in a system of units.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_8246541a_f1f6_4d03_8bd7_fc6b76d17375
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cabb20f0_05c7_448f_9485_e129725f15a4
Definition: Non-SI time unit defined as 60 seconds.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Minute
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MIN
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_32129fb5_df25_48fd_a29c_18a2f22a2dd5
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f8b92999_3cde_46e3_99d5_664da3090a02
Definition: A non-SI unit defined as 1000 kg.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06394
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/TON_M
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_868ae137_4d25_493e_b270_21ea3d94849e
Elucidation: A measurement unit symbol that do not have a metric prefix as a direct spatial part.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_cf3dd6cc_c5d6_4b3d_aef4_82f3b7a361af
Elucidation: Dimensionless measurement unit for solid angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05971
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_d6eb0176_a0d7_4b4e_8df0_50e912be2342
Definition: A non-SI metric unit of area defined as the square with 100-metre sides.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Hectare
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HA
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a121bb1d_5225_4c78_809b_0268c3012208
Elucidation: Measure of plane angle.
Comment: Dimensionless measurement unit for plane angle.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05036
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/RAD
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b8830065_3809_41b7_be3c_e33795567fd9
Definition: Degree is a measurement of plane angle, defined by representing a full rotation as 360 degrees.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Degree_(angle)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01560
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_08b308d4_31cd_4779_a784_aa92fc730f39
Elucidation: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units corresponding to the relations defining the derived quantities in terms of the base quantities.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_a155dc93_d266_487e_b5e7_2a2c72d5ebf9
Definition: A non-SI unit of volume defined as 1 cubic decimetre (dm3),
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03594
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/L
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e9eaeeb5_620c_4dab_8f72_269ff85d0634
Elucidation: Measurement unit for electric dipole moment.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e7bc8939_7ff8_4917_beb5_c42730b390f3
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two speeds.
Example: Unit for refractive index.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_c10b7090_7284_4719_8e15_c743b13ca6ad
Elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for torque.
Comment: Note that the physical dimension is the same as for Joule.
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/newtonMetre
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6a4547ab_3abb_430d_b81b_ce32d47729f5
Definition: Measure of plane angle defined as 1/3600 or a degree.
Altlabel: SecondOfArc
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ARCSEC
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f992dc76_f9a6_45f6_8873_c8e20d16fbbe
Definition: Gram is defined as one thousandth of the SI unit kilogram.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02680
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_9fd1e79d_41d1_44f8_8142_66dbdf0fc7ad
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two volumes.
Example: Unit for volume fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_f76f5a24_d703_4e8c_b368_f9a7777cb73a
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two amount of substance.
Example: Unit for amount fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_feb03a8a_bbb6_4918_a891_46713ef557f4
Elucidation: The set of units provided by the SI referring to the ISQ.
Comment: The complete set of SI units includes both the coherent set and the multiples and sub-multiples formed by using the SI prefixes.
Comment: The names, symbols and prefixes of SI units are defined by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_a055d311_9990_40a5_b2f2_288412f5d6a5
Elucidation: SI coherent measurement unit for volume.
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/cubicMetre
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_21ef2ed6_c086_4d24_8a75_980d2bcc9282
Definition: Measure of time defined as 3600 seconds.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02866
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HR
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6f4d704a_a7c6_4c07_b8a7_ea0bab04128f
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two areas.
Example: Unit for solid angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_27c530c4_dfcd_486e_b324_54ad4448cd26
Definition: Measure of length defined as 1e-10 metres.
Altlabel: Angstrom
Comment: Ångström is not mentioned in the SI system and deprecated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).
Dispite of that, it is often used in the natural sciences and technology.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N00350
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/ANGSTROM
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_5ebd5e01_0ed3_49a2_a30d_cd05cbe72978
Elucidation: Represents the number 1, used as an explicit unit to say something has no units.
Example: Refractive index or volume fraction.
Example: Typically used for ratios of two units whos dimensions cancels out.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/UNITLESS
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_053648ea_3c0a_468c_89cb_eb009239323a
Definition: One astronomical unit is defined as exactly 149597870700 m, which is roughly the distance from earth to sun.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Astronomical_unit
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PARSEC
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_d41ce84b_4317_41fb_a5d1_6cd281fca106
Elucidation: A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
Comment: The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_216f448e_cdbc_4aeb_a529_7a5fe7fc38bb
Elucidation: A symbol that stands for a single unit.
Example: Some examples are “Pa”, “m” and “J”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_591e02fd_8d37_45a6_9d11_bb21cef391a0
Elucidation: A unit that does not belong to any system of units.
Example: eV barn
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_707c6032_e272_4a20_98b5_d35c4f67be68
Comment: Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the numerical factor of this product is one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_00dd79e0_31a6_427e_9b9c_90f3097e4a96
Definition: One dalton is defined as one twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Unified_atomic_mass_unit
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01514
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/Dalton
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_e29f84db_4c1c_46ae_aa38_c4d47536b972
Definition: The amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moving across an electric potential difference of one volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electronvolt
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02014
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/EV
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_b081b346_7279_46ef_9a3d_2c088fcd79f4
Elucidation: A ‘Quantity’ that stands for the standard reference magnitude of a specific class of measurement processes, defined and adopted by convention or by law.
The numerical quantity value of the ‘MeasurementUnit’ is conventionally 1 and does not appear.
Quantitative measurement results are expressed as a multiple of the ‘MeasurementUnit’.
Comment: “Real scalar quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which any other quantity of the same kind can be compared to express the ratio of the second quantity to the first one as a number” ISO 80000-1
Comment: “Unit symbols are mathematical entities and not abbreviations.”
“Symbols for units are treated as mathematical entities. In expressing the value of a quantity as the product of a numerical value and a unit, both the numerical value and the unit may be treated by the ordinary rules of algebra.”
https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
Comment: While the SI brochure treats ‘MeasurementUnit’ as a ‘PhysicalQuantity’, in the EMMO this is not possible since the latter always has two direct parts, a ‘Numerical’ and a ‘MeasurementUnit’, while the former a single ‘Symbol’.
SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference). The EMMO, following strict nominalism, considers a SI quantity as a SI quantity value, collapsing the two concepts into one: the ‘Quantity’.
So, for the EMMO the symbol “kg” is not a physical quantity but a ‘MeasurementUnit’, while the string “1 kg” is ‘Physical Quantity’.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_1273eb34_de48_43a9_925f_104110469dd2
Elucidation: A SI derived unit whos numerical factor in front of the product of SI base units is one.
Example: m/s kg/m^3
Comment: This class collects all units that are products or powers of SI base or SI special units only.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3ee80521_3c23_4dd1_935d_9d522614a3e2
Elucidation: A unit symbol that stands for a derived unit.
Example: Pa stands for N/m2 J stands for N m
Comment: Special units are semiotic shortcuts to more complex composed symbolic objects.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_b41515a9_28d8_4d78_8165_74b2fc72f89e
Definition: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference, which are defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of power- or field-type quantities.
The value of a ratio in nepers is given by ln(x1/x2) where x1 and x2 are the values of interest (amplitudes), and ln is the natural logarithm. When the values are quadratic in the amplitude (e.g. power), they are first linearised by taking the square root before the logarithm is taken, or equivalently the result is halved.
Wikipedia
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Neper
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04106
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/NP
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_cdc962d8_f3ea_4764_a57a_c7caa4859179
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two lengths.
Example: Unit for plane angle.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_18448443_dcf1_49b8_a321_cf46e2c393e1
Elucidation: Unit for quantities of dimension one that are the fraction of two masses.
Example: Unit for mass fraction.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_15d62b55_38ea_4aec_b7c4_25db1a2e5a01
Elucidation: Unit for dimensionless units that cannot be expressed as a ‘FractionUnit’.
Example: Unit of AtomicNumber
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/units-extension#EMMO_6c7160fc_cc64_46f0_b43b_aba65e9952e3
Definition: One bel is defined as 1⁄2 ln(10) neper.
Elucidation: Unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference.
Comment: Today decibel (one tenth of a bel) is commonly used instead of bel.
Comment: bel is used to express the ratio of one value of a power or field quantity to another, on a logarithmic scale, the logarithmic quantity being called the power level or field level, respectively.
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/B
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_e13b2173_1dec_4b97_9ac1_1dc4b418612a
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_314ba716_2d3d_4462_9a4f_d3419ae1df43
Definition: The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05513
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SEC
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_7db11dbf_a643_464a_9b56_07eabcc3e9c5
Definition: The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m s−1, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03884
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/M
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_db5dd38d_ac79_4af6_8782_fee7e7150ae8
Definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆νCs.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00300
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/A
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_9bfd6f1e_b0ce_459c_beb7_8f1f41708bba
Definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03391
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KiloGM
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_2e5e45fc_f52c_4294_bdc2_5ed7a06dfce7
Definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03374
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/K
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_8d00f093_3f45_4ea3_986c_b3545c3c2f4c
Definition: The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W−1, which is equal to cd sr W−1, or cd sr kg−1 m−2 s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ∆νCs.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00787
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/CD
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_3a185e6c_9e19_4776_b583_19c978156aa0
Elucidation: The base units in the SI system.
Seealso: https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_df6eeb01_1b41_4bd8_9257_a04fbd7cf000
Definition: The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03980
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/MOL
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_8a70dea4_d6ab_4260_b931_a3e990982416
Comment: Measurement unit for energy.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03363
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/J
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_b20be325_8bfd_4237_bee7_201ab0fd9c75
Comment: Measurement unit for Celsius temperature. This unit can only be used for expressing temperature differences.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01561
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/DEG_C
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_00199e76_69dc_45b6_a9c6_98cc90cdc0f5
Comment: Measurement unit for absorbed dose.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02696
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/GRAY
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_080052a1_f295_44be_a60f_1326ce13f1ba
Comment: Measurement unit for power.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06656
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/W
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_696ed548_9477_45ea_993c_6a8f5271914a
Comment: Measurement unit for electric charge.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01365
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/C
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_acb50123_87a2_4753_b36c_f87114ad4de2
Comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux density or induction.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06283
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/T
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_e9ffc696_5228_4ff9_8a60_0f5e05e9931b
Elucidation: The 22 derived units that are given a special name in the SI system that stands for units derived by SI base units.
Comment: These units are SI coherent by definition.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Derived_units
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_f2523820_04a6_44ab_bb67_8237dda2b0c2
Comment: Measurement unit for electrical conductance.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a9201b2f_e6de_442a_b3a6_d292a5820bc5
Comment: Measurement unit for electric capacitance.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02320
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/FARAD
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a979c531_f9fa_4a6e_93c1_a2960241ca64
Comment: Measurement unit for force.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.N04135
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/N
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a80dc6f5_b1aa_41a7_a3a8_cd5040da2162
Comment: Measurement unit for pressure.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04442
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/PA
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_e75f580e_52bf_4dd5_af70_df409cec08fd
Comment: Measurement unit for frequence.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02785
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/HZ
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_fab003c8_f7a6_4346_9988_7161325ed7a3
Comment: Measurement unit for electrical inductance.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02782
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/H
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_da1dd4a7_c611_4ad4_bef6_7646f28aa598
Comment: Measurement unit for illuminance.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03651
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LUX
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_33b67e69_3645_4c73_b100_5ea6759221b4
Comment: Measurement unit for catalytic activity.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03372
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/KAT
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_d7f11b34_a121_4519_87c0_aa754f1c4737
Comment: Measurement unit for magnetic flux.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06666
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/WB
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_dc232f53_8ed8_4ddd_9f41_cc057985eadb
Comment: Measurement unit for equivalent doseof ionizing radiation.
Sievert is derived from absorbed dose, but takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05658
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/SV
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_59c10c5c_47bd_4348_ba39_38836607dfa1
Comment: Measurement unit for resistance.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.O04280
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/OHM
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_d7b7fd1e_645a_42cb_8f40_85f0d034d3ae
Comment: Measurement unit for luminous flux.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03639
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/LM
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_e2207e91_02b0_4a8a_b13e_61d2a2a839f1
Comment: Measurement unit for voltage.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06634
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/V
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_b71e4ba5_8f73_4199_8c96_7ea7f94d9e2a
Definition: Radioactive decays per second.
Comment: Unit for radioactive activity.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00624
Qudtentry: http://qudt.org/vocab/unit/BQ
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_a2f94f33_71fa_443c_a1fb_d1685fc537ec
Elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by dividing a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_c6d4a5e0_7e95_44df_a6db_84ee0a8bbc8e
Elucidation: A measurement unit that is made of a metric prefix and a unit symbol.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_62f0d847_3603_45b4_bfc4_dd4511355ff2
Elucidation: Measurement unit obtained by multiplying a given measurement unit by an integer greater than one.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_d41ce84b_4317_41fb_a5d1_6cd281fca106
Elucidation: A SI base or special unit with a metric prefix.
Comment: The presence of the prefix makes this units non-coherent with SI system.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_23bfe79a_cade_48f1_9a8c_fd96e6bac8ba
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_e1981c25_7c55_4020_aa7a_d2e14ced86d4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_9ff3bf8e_2168_406e_8251_1d158fc948ae
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_daa9ee97_4c5f_42e5_918c_44d7523e8958
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_3a204900_2b33_47d1_b444_815cc4c8cffa
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_43a6b269_da31_4bb6_a537_c97df4fff32a
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_74931b1b_c133_4e59_9a75_1bf0e1626201
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_7d2afa66_ae9e_4095_a9bf_421d0be401b6
Elucidation: Dimensionless multiplicative unit prefix.
Seealso: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_1181c938_c8f0_4ad6_bc7a_2bfdc0903d29
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_21aaefc1_3f86_4208_b7db_a755f31f0f8c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_f5769206_9257_4b08_bf7b_dad7868c6afc
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_e79c62ff_10ad_4ec0_baba_c19ddd4eaa11
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_068c4e58_2470_4b1c_8454_010dd4906100
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_b55cd09a_e54d_4eb1_81dd_03c29d1b878e
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_5cf9f86c_86f5_40c4_846d_60371f670e0a
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_5eaecadc_4f0d_4a3a_afc7_1fc0b83cc928
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_42955b2d_b465_4666_86cc_ea3c2d685753
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a8eb4bbb_1bd3_4ad4_b114_2789bcbd2134
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_1d8b370b_c672_4d0c_964e_eaafcbf2f51f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_471cb92b_edca_4cf9_bce8_a75084d876b8
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_a3a701ed_6f7d_4a10_9aee_dfa1961fc7b7
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/siunits#EMMO_254472c6_3dbd_4f02_bc43_571389cd281f
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_873b0ab3_88e6_4054_b901_5531e01f14a4
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_f658c301_ce93_46cf_9639_4eace2c5d1d5
Elucidation: A symbolic that has parts a reference unit and a numerical object separated by a space expressing the value of a quantitative property (expressed as the product of the numerical and the unit).
Example: 6.8 m 0.9 km 8 K 6 MeV 43.5 HRC(150 kg)
Comment: A quantity is not necessarily a property, since it is possible to write “10 kg”, without assigning this quantity to a specific object.
However, a quantitative property is always a quantity.
Comment: Referred as Quantity Value in International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Comment: SI distinguishes between a quantity (an abstract concept) and the quantity value (a number and a reference).
The EMMO, following strict nominalism, denies the existence of abstract objects and then collapses the two concepts of SI quantity and SI quantity value into a single one: the ‘Quantity’.
So, for the EMMO the symbol “kg” is not a physical quantity but simply a ‘Symbolic’ object categorized as a ‘MeasurementUnit’.
While the string “1 kg” is a ‘Physical Quantity’.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_d8aa8e1f_b650_416d_88a0_5118de945456
Elucidation: A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
Example: The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory.
If I don’t believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process.
Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
Comment: A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/properties#EMMO_d0200cf1_e4f4_45ae_873f_b9359daea3cd
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_c46f091c_0420_4c1a_af30_0a2c8ebcf7d7
Elucidation: “Quantity, defined by a conventional measurement procedure, for which a total ordering relation can be established, according to magnitude, with other quantities of the same kind, but for which no algebraic operations among those quantities exist” International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Example: Hardness Resilience
Comment: “Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only.” International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_dd4a7f3e_ef56_466c_ac1a_d2716b5f87ec
Definition: “A property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed by means of a number and a reference” ISO 80000-1
“A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.” International vocabulary of metrology (VIM)
Elucidation: A ‘Quantity’ that can be quantified with respect to a standardized reference physical instance (e.g. the prototype meter bar, the kg prototype) or method (e.g. resilience) through a measurement process.
Comment: A quantitative property is always expresssed as a quantity (i.e. a number and a reference unit). For the EMMO, a nominalistic ontology, there is no property as abstract object.
A property is a sign that stands for an object according to a specific code shared by some observers.
For quantititative properties, one possible code that is shared between the scientific community (the observers) is the SI system of units.
Comment: Subclasses of ‘QuantitativeProperty’ classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_44fc8c60_7a9c_49af_a046_e1878c88862c
Comment: The rest mass of an electron.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectronMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_acaaa124_3dde_48b6_86e6_6ec6f364f408
Elucidation: “Quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given system of quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the other quantities within that subset” ISO 80000-1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_44da6d75_54a4_4aa8_bd3a_156f6e9abb8e
Definition: Vector r characterizing a point P in a point space with a given origin point O.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
Altlabel: Position
Comment: In the usual geometrical three-dimensional space, position vectors are quantities of the dimension length.
– IEC
Comment: Position vectors are so-called bounded vectors, i.e. their magnitude and direction depend on the particular coordinate system used.
– ISO 80000-3
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_27367073_ed8a_481a_9b07_f836dfe31f7f
Definition: The mass of an atom in the ground state.
Comment: Since the nucleus account for nearly all of the total mass of atoms (with the electrons and nuclear binding energy making minor contributions), the atomic mass measured in Da has nearly the same value as the mass number.
Comment: The atomic mass is often expressed as an average of the commonly found isotopes.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_50bf79a6_a48b_424d_9d2c_813bd631231a
Elucidation: A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle. It is based on the luminosity function, which is a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_intensity
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_c995ae70_3b84_4ebb_bcfc_69e6a281bb88
Elucidation: A flow of electric charge.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_current
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01927
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_affe07e4_e9bc_4852_86c6_69e26182a17f
Elucidation: Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature. It is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Thermodynamic_temperature
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06321
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ+1 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8d689295_7d84_421b_bc01_d5cceb2c2086
Comment: The rest mass of a proton.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ProtonMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8159c26a_494b_4fa0_9959_10888f152298
Elucidation: The number of elementary entities present.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Amount_of_substance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00297
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ed4af7ae_63a2_497e_bb88_2309619ea405
Elucidation: Property of a physical body that express its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a force is applied.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03709
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d4f7d378_5e3b_468a_baa1_a7e98358cda7
Definition: One-dimensional subspace of space-time, which is locally orthogonal to space.
Elucidation: The indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-03
Comment: Time can be seen as the duration of an event or, more operationally, as “what clocks read”.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Time
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06375
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_9d8f708a_f291_4d72_80ec_362c6e6bbca6
Elucidation: The unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass of an Item sums to zero. Equivalently, it is the point where if a force is applied to the Item, causes the Item to move in direction of force without rotation.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-12
Comment: In non-relativistic physics, the centre of mass doesn’t depend on the chosen reference frame.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Center_of_mass
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1a4c1a97_88a7_4d8e_b2f9_2ca58e92dde4
Elucidation: Base quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cd2cd0de_e0cc_4ef1_b27e_2e88db027bac
Elucidation: Extend of a spatial dimension.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-19
Comment: Length is a non-negative additive quantity attributed to a one-dimensional object in space.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Length
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03498
Physicaldimension: T0 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_66d01570_36dd_42fd_844d_29b81b029cd5
Comment: Measure of the extent and direction an object rotates about a reference point.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Angular_momentum
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00353
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04cc9451_5306_45d0_8554_22cee4d6e785
Elucidation: A property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.
Altlabel: ElectricInductance
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Inductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04076
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_81e767f1_59b1_4d7a_bf69_17f322241831
Elucidation: Vector quantity μ causing a change to its energy ΔW in an external magnetic field of field flux density B:
ΔW = −μ · BIecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-55
Iso80000ref: 10-9.1
Comment: For an atom or nucleus, this energy is quantized and can be written as:
W = g μ M Bwhere g is the appropriate g factor, μ is mostly the Bohr magneton or nuclear magneton, M is magnetic quantum number, and B is magnitude of the magnetic flux density.
– ISO 80000
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_moment
Iupacentry: http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03688
Physicaldimension: T0 L+2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0a88be81_343d_4388_92c1_09228ff95ada
Elucidation: Probability is a dimensionless quantity that can attain values between 0 and 1; zero denotes the impossible event and 1 denotes a certain event.
Comment: The propability for a certain outcome, is the ratio between the number of events leading to the given outcome and the total number of events.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04855
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a8eb87b5_4d10_4137_a75c_e04ee59ca095
Elucidation: Volume of a constituent of a mixture divided by the sum of volumes of all constituents prior to mixing.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume_fraction
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.V06643
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/VolumeFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_58a650f0_a638_4743_8439_535a325e5c4c
Elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a3c78d6f_ae49_47c8_a634_9b6d86b79382
Comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_RybergConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e7c9f7fd_e534_4441_88fe_1fec6cb20f26
Elucidation: Ratio of area on a sphere to its radius squared.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Solid_angle
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05732
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e88f75d6_9a17_4cfc_bdf7_43d7cea5a9a1
Elucidation: Measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through a material.
Altlabel: Resistance
Comment: Inverse of ‘ElectricalConductance’.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01936
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_81369540_1b0e_471b_9bae_6801af22800e
Comment: Length per unit time.
Speed in the absolute value of the velocity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05852
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Speed
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e2ee1c98_497a_4f66_b4ed_5711496a848e
Elucidation: Perceived power of light.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminous_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03646
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_07de47e0_6bb6_45b9_b55a_4f238efbb105
Definition: Number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Atomic_number
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00499
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f96feb3f_4438_4e43_aa44_7458c4d87fc2
Elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4091d5ec_a4df_42b9_a073_9a090839279f
Comment: Measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Enthalpy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02141
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_76cc4efc_231e_42b4_be83_2547681caed6
Elucidation: The quantum of action.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_88fc5d1b_d3ab_4626_b24c_915ebe7400ca
Comment: Energy per unit change in amount of substance.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Chemical_potential
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01032
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_97589322_710c_4af4_9431_1e5027f2be42
Comment: Measured in cd/m². Not to confuse with Illuminance, which is measured in lux (cd sr/m²).
Comment: a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Luminance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.L03640
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1f087811_06cb_42d5_90fb_25d0e7e068ef
Elucidation: Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Force
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02480
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f3dd74c0_f480_49e8_9764_33b78638c235
Definition: Ratio of circular arc length to radius.
Altlabel: PlaneAngle
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Angle
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00346
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ac540a9d_0131_43f6_a33b_17e5cfc432ed
Elucidation: The energy of an object due to its motion.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-49
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Kinetic_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.K03402
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/KineticEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cc01751d_dd05_429b_9d0c_1b7a74d1f277
Definition: The charge of an electron.
Comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d1917609_db5e_4b8a_9b76_ef1d6f860a81
Comment: Force per unit oriented surface area .
Comment: Measure of the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Stress_(mechanics)
Physicaldimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_79a02de5_b884_4eab_bc18_f67997d597a2
Comment: Measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_impedance
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4c151909_6f26_4ef9_b43d_7c9e9514883a
Elucidation: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or orientation in a potential field.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-48
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Potential_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04778
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/PotentialEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_50a44256_9dc5_434b_bad4_74a4d9a29989
Elucidation: The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Pressure
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04819
Physicaldimension: T-2 L-1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_92b2fb85_2143_4bc7_bbca_df3e6944bfc1
Comment: The opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element’s inductance or capacitance.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_reactance
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0329f1f5_8339_4ce4_8505_a264c6d606ba
Definition: Vector quantity giving the rate of change of a position vector.
– ISO 80000-3
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-01-32
Iso80000ref: 3‑10.1
Comment: The velocity depends on the choice of the reference frame. Proper transformation between frames must be used: Galilean for non-relativistic description, Lorentzian for relativistic description.
– IEC, note 2
Comment: The velocity is related to a point described by its position vector. The point may localize a particle, or be attached to any other object such as a body or a wave.
– IEC, note 1
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_bd67d149_24c2_4bc9_833a_c2bc26f98fd3
Elucidation: Increase in the rate of reaction of a specified chemical reaction that an enzyme produces in a specific assay system.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00881
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e37ac288_aa60_415a_8cb7_c375724ac8e1
Comment: Derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Acceleration
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00051
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1a179ce4_3724_47f8_bee5_6292e3ac9942
Elucidation: An electric dipole, vector quantity of magnitude equal to the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges and directed from the negative charge to the positive charge.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-35
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=121-11-36
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_dipole_moment
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01929
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/ElectricDipoleMoment
Physicaldimension: T+1 L+1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ffb73b1e_5786_43e4_a964_cb32ac7affb7
Elucidation: Measure of the ease for electric current to pass through a material.
Altlabel: Conductance
Comment: Inverse of ‘ElectricalResistance’.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01925
Physicaldimension: T+3 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_43776fc9_d712_4571_85f0_72183678039a
Comment: Product of mass and velocity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Momentum
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M04007
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8d3da9ac_2265_4382_bee5_db72046722f8
Elucidation: Decays per unit time.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00114
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_dc6c8de0_cfc4_4c66_a7dc_8f720e732d54
Definition: Number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus.
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_99296e55_53f7_4333_9e06_760ad175a1b9
Elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_0ee5779e_d798_4ee5_9bfe_c392d5bea112
Comment: Measure for how the polarization of a material is affected by the application of an external electric field.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Permittivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04507
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Permittivity
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04cf0295_3e8f_4693_a87f_3130d125cf05
Comment: Force of gravity acting on a body.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Weight
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06668
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_acf636d4_9ac2_4ce3_960a_d54338e6cae3
Elucidation: Change of the relative positions of parts of a body, excluding a displacement of the body as a whole.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-57
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Strain
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_3b931698_937e_49be_ab1b_36fa52d91181
Elucidation: Measure of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03684
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_830b59f7_d047_438c_90cd_62845749efcb
Elucidation: A state quantity equal to the difference between the total energy of a system and the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-04-20
Altlabel: ThermodynamicEnergy
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Internal_energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I03103
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/InternalEnergy
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_5eedba4d_105b_44d8_b1bc_e33606276ea2
Comment: Factor by which the phase velocity of light is reduced in a medium.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Refractive_index
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05240
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d5be1faf_0c56_4f5a_9b78_581e6dee949f
Altlabel: Concentration
Altlabel: MolarConcentration
Altlabel: Molarity
Comment: The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Molar_concentration
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00295
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_7c055d65_2929_40e1_af4f_4bf10995ad50
Comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the total mass of all constituents in the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03722
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/MassFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_09663630_1b84_4202_91e6_e641104f579e
Comment: Measure for how the magnetization of material is affected by the application of an external magnetic field .
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04503
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_961d1aba_f75e_4411_aaa4_457f7516ed6b
Elucidation: Strength of the magnetic field.
Comment: Often denoted B.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03686
Physicaldimension: T-2 L0 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ecec2983_7c26_4f8d_a981_51ca29668baf
Elucidation: The inverse of length.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Reciprocal_length
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e46f3f24_c2ec_4552_8dd4_cfc5c0a89c09
Comment: The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Radiant_flux
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05046
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_faab3f84_e475_4a46_af9c_7d249f0b9aef
Elucidation: The class of quantities that are the ratio of two quantities with the same physical dimensionality.
Example: refractive index, volume fraction, fine structure constant
Comment: Quantities defined as ratios Q=A/B having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are dimensionless quantities but still have a physical dimension defined as dim(A)/dim(B).
Johansson, Ingvar (2010). “Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units and dimensions”. Metrologia. 47 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012. ISSN 0026-1394.
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Seealso: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/012
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1604f495_328a_4f28_9962_f4cc210739dd
Elucidation: The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Altlabel: Charge
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electric_charge
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01923
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ffc7735f_c177_46a4_98e9_a54440d29209
Elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_71f6ab56_342c_484b_bbe0_de86b7367cb3
Elucidation: “Quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of the base quantities of that system”.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_de021e4f_918f_47ef_a67b_11120f56b9d7
Comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MagneticConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b4895f75_41c8_4fd9_b6d6_4d5f7c99c423
Comment: Strength of a magnetic field. Commonly denoted H.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_field
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03683
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_99dba333_0dbd_4f75_8841_8c0f97fd58e2
Elucidation: The derivative of the electric charge of a system with respect to the electric potential.
Altlabel: ElectricCapacitance
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Capacitance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C00791
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-2 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_06448f64_8db6_4304_8b2c_e785dba82044
Comment: Mass per volume.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01590
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_31ec09ba_1713_42cb_83c7_b38bf6f9ced2
Elucidation: A property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.
Comment: Energy is often defined as “ability of a system to perform work”, but it might be misleading since is not necessarily available to do work.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_eb561764_276e_413d_a8cb_3a3154fd9bf8
Definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
Comment: Resistance quantum.
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_VonKlitzingConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_3df10765_f6ff_4c9e_be3d_10b1809d78bd
Elucidation: A dose quantity used in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Energy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02101
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_624d72ee_e676_4470_9434_c22b4190d3d5
Definition: Product of force and displacement.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Heat
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Work_(physics)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06684
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_66bc9029_f473_45ff_bab9_c3509ff37a22
Elucidation: An objective comparative measure of hot or cold.
Temperature is a relative quantity that can be used to express temperature differences. Unlike ThermodynamicTemperature, it cannot express absolute temperatures.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Temperature
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06261
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N+1 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_7c8007b0_58a7_4486_bf1c_4772852caca0
Comment: Electric current divided by the cross-sectional area it is passing through.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Current_density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01928
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_aaf9dd7f_0474_40d0_9606_02def8515249
Elucidation: The effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
Iecentry: http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=113-03-26
Comment: Even though torque has the same physical dimension as energy, it is not of the same kind and can not be measured with energy units like joule or electron volt.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Torque
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06400
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Torque
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_09b9021b_f97b_43eb_b83d_0a764b472bc2
Elucidation: Rate of transfer of energy per unit time.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Power_(physics)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04792
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_96f39f77_44dc_491b_8fa7_30d887fe0890
Comment: Extent of a surface.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Area
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00429
Physicaldimension: T0 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a66427d1_9932_4363_9ec5_7d91f2bfda1e
Elucidation: A quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned and with a corresponding unit of measurement in the SI of the unit one.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Dimensionless_quantity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.D01742
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_04b3300c_98bd_42dc_a3b5_e6c29d69f1ac
Definition: The amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture.
Altlabel: MoleFraction
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mole_fraction
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00296
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/AmountOfSubstanceFraction
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_afea89af_ef16_4bdb_99d5_f3b2f4c85a6c
Comment: Mass per unit area.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Area_density
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06167
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cde4368c_1d4d_4c94_8548_604749523c6d
Comment: Measure of a material’s ability to conduct an electric current.
Conductivity is equeal to the resiprocal of resistivity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.C01245
Physicaldimension: T+3 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d859588d_44dc_4614_bc75_5fcd0058acc8
Comment: The number of waves per unit length along the direction of propagation.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Wavenumber
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.W06664
Ommatch: http://www.ontology-of-units-of-measure.org/resource/om-2/Wavenumber
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_1e7603a7_1365_49b8_b5e5_3711c8e6b904
Comment: In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Vergence
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_16f2fe60_2db7_43ca_8fee_5b3e416bfe87
Comment: Mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03713
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8e5dd473_808b_4a8a_b7cd_63068c12ff57
Definition: Energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation in a suitable small element of volume divided by the mass of that element of volume.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Absorbed_dose
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00031
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f1a51559_aa3d_43a0_9327_918039f0dfed
Comment: Extent of an object in space.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Volume
Physicaldimension: T0 L-3 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_2946d40b_24a1_47fa_8176_e3f79bb45064
Elucidation: Derived quantities defined in the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_b51fbd00_a857_4132_9711_0ef70e7bdd20
Definition: The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Illuminance
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02941
Physicaldimension: T0 L-2 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_e150fa8d_06dc_4bb8_bf95_04e2aea529c1
Comment: Electric field strength divided by the current density.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05316
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+3 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_9bbab0be_f9cc_4f46_9f46_0fd271911b79
Comment: Logarithmic measure of the number of available states of a system.
Comment: May also be referred to as a measure of order of a system.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Entropy
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02149
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_12d4ba9b_2f89_4ea3_b206_cd376f96c875
Comment: Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.H02752
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ba882f34_0d71_4e4f_9d92_0c076c633a2c
Elucidation: A pure number, typically the number of something.
Example: 1, i, π, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Comment: According to the SI brochure counting does not automatically qualify a quantity as an amount of substance.
This quantity is used only to describe the outcome of a counting process, without regard of the type of entities.
“There are also some quantities that cannot be described in terms of the seven base quantities of the SI, but have the nature of a count. Examples are a number of molecules, a number of cellular or biomolecular entities (for example copies of a particular nucleic acid sequence), or degeneracy in quantum mechanics. Counting quantities are also quantities with the associated unit one.”
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_61a32ae9_8200_473a_bd55_59a9899996f4
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectricConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_852b4ab8_fc29_4749_a8c7_b92d4fca7d5a
Elucidation: Number of periods per time interval.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Frequency
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07383
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_4f2d3939_91b1_4001_b8ab_7d19074bf845
Elucidation: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point.
Altlabel: Voltage
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Voltage
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00424
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ad6c76cf_b400_423e_820f_cf0c4e77f455
Elucidation: Equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Gas_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02579
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N-1 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MolarGasConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_cc01751d_dd05_429b_9d0c_1b7a74d1f277
Definition: The charge of an electron.
Comment: The negative of ElementaryCharge.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E01982
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_a3c78d6f_ae49_47c8_a634_9b6d86b79382
Comment: The Rydberg constant represents the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (the inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing the hydrogen atom from its ground state.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Rydberg_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05430
Physicaldimension: T0 L-1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_RybergConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_58a650f0_a638_4743_8439_535a325e5c4c
Elucidation: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Elementary_charge
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02032
Physicaldimension: T+1 L0 M0 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElementaryCharge
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_44fc8c60_7a9c_49af_a046_e1878c88862c
Comment: The rest mass of an electron.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Electron_rest_mass
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.E02008
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectronMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_176cae33_b83e_4cd2_a6bc_281f42f0ccc8
Elucidation: The number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Avogadro_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00543
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N-1 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_AvogadroConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_506f7823_52bc_40cb_be07_b3b1e10cce13
Elucidation: The luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, K cd , is a technical constant that gives an exact numerical relationship between the purely physical characteristics of the radiant power stimulating the human eye (W) and its photobiological response defined by the luminous flux due to the spectral responsivity of a standard observer (lm) at a frequency of 540 × 10 12 hertz.
Comment: Defines the Candela unit in the SI system.
Physicaldimension: T+3 L-1 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J+1
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ba380bc6_2bfd_4f11_94c7_b3cbaafd1631
Elucidation: Inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Magnetic_flux_quantum) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Physicaldimension: T+2 L-1 M-1 I+1 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_JosephsonConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_3f15d200_c97b_42c8_8ac0_d81d150361e2
Elucidation: For a given unit system, measured constants are physical constants that are not used to define the unit system. Hence, these constants have to be measured and will therefore be associated with an uncertainty.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f2ca6dd0_0e5f_4392_a92d_cafdae6cfc95
Elucidation: Physical constant that by definition (after the latest revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019) has a known exact numerical value when expressed in SI units.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_ffc7735f_c177_46a4_98e9_a54440d29209
Elucidation: A physical constant relating energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant.
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant) is outdated as May 20, 2019. It is now an exact quantity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Boltzmann_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.B00695
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ-1 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_BoltzmannConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_89762966_8076_4f7c_b745_f718d653e8e2
Comment: Physical constant used to define a unit system. Hence, when expressed in that unit system they have an exact value with no associated uncertainty.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_8d689295_7d84_421b_bc01_d5cceb2c2086
Comment: The rest mass of a proton.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04914
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ProtonMass
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_de021e4f_918f_47ef_a67b_11120f56b9d7
Comment: The DBpedia and UIPAC Gold Book definitions (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permeability, https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04504) are outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum.
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+1 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_MagneticConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/metrology#EMMO_b953f2b1_c8d1_4dd9_b630_d3ef6580c2bb
Comment: Physical constants are categorised into “exact” and measured constants.
With “exact” constants, we refer to physical constants that have an exact numerical value after the revision of the SI system that was enforsed May 2019.
Wikipediaentry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physical_constants
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_f96feb3f_4438_4e43_aa44_7458c4d87fc2
Elucidation: The frequency standard in the SI system in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
Physicaldimension: T-1 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_76cc4efc_231e_42b4_be83_2547681caed6
Elucidation: The quantum of action.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Planck_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04685
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+2 M+1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_PlankConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_99296e55_53f7_4333_9e06_760ad175a1b9
Elucidation: The speed of light in vacuum.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Speed_of_light
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S05854
Physicaldimension: T-1 L+1 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_SpeedOfLightInVacuum
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_da831168_975a_41f8_baae_279c298569da
Comment: Physical constant in Newton’s law of gravitation and in Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Gravitational_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02695
Physicaldimension: T-2 L+3 M-1 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_NewtonianConstantOfGravity
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_61a32ae9_8200_473a_bd55_59a9899996f4
Comment: The DBpedia definition (http://dbpedia.org/page/Vacuum_permittivity) is outdated since May 20, 2019. It is now a measured constant.
Comment: The value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04508
Physicaldimension: T+4 L-3 M-1 I+2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_ElectricConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_eb561764_276e_413d_a8cb_3a3154fd9bf8
Definition: The von Klitzing constant is defined as Planck constant divided by the square of the elementary charge.
Comment: Resistance quantum.
Physicaldimension: T-3 L+2 M+1 I-2 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_VonKlitzingConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/isq#EMMO_d7d2ca25_03e1_4099_9220_c1a58df13ad0
Comment: A fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
Dbpediaentry: http://dbpedia.org/page/Fine-structure_constant
Iupacentry: https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.F02389
Physicaldimension: T0 L0 M0 I0 Θ0 N0 J0
Qudtentry: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/CODATA-Value_FineStructureConstant
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_4bc29b0f_8fcc_4026_a291_f9774a66d9b8
Elucidation: A function defined using functional notation.
Example: y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_36c79456_e29c_400d_8bd3_0eedddb82652
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ which is a tessellation of spatial direct parts.
Example: e.g. the existent in my glass is declared at t = t_start as made of two direct parts: the ice and the water. It will continue to exists as state as long as the ice is completely melt at t = t_end. The new state will be completely made of water. Between t_start and t_end there is an exchange of molecules between the ice and the water, but this does not affect the existence of the two states.
If we partition the existent in my glass as ice surrounded by several molecules (we do not use the object water as direct part) then the appearance of a molecule coming from the ice will cause a state to end and another state to begin.
Comment: Direct partitions declaration is a choice of the ontologist that choses the classes to be used as direct parts, according to its own world view.
A ‘State’ can always be direct partitioned in ‘Elementary’-s and ‘Void’ or ‘Physical’.
e.g. the water in my glass can be seen as a single object without declaring direct parts, or as made of H2O molecules direct parts.
Comment: The definition of ‘State’ implies that its spatial direct parts (i.e. ‘physicals’) are not gained or lost during its temporal extension (they exist from the left to the right side of the time interval), so that the cardinality of spatial direct parts in a ‘State’ is constant.
This does not mean that there cannot be a change in the internal structure of the ‘State’ direct parts. It means only that this change must not affect the existence of the direct part itself.
There is no change in granularity or cardinality of direct parts of a ‘State’.
The use of spatial direct parthood in ‘State’ definition means that a ‘State’ cannot overlap in space another ‘State’.
Comment: The usefulness of ‘State’ is that it makes it possible to describe the evolution in time of an ‘Existent’ in terms of series of ‘State’-s that can take into account the disappearance or appearance of parts within a ‘Physical’.
A ‘State’ is a recognizable granularity level of matter, in the sense that its direct parts do not appear or disappear within its lifetime as it can be for a generic ‘Existent’.
Comment: There is no change in granularity or cardinality of parts within a state.
The use of spatial direct parthood in state definition means that a state cannot overlap in space another state that is direct part of the same whole.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_db03061b_db31_4132_a47a_6a634846578b
Elucidation: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
Comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_15db234d_ecaf_4715_9838_4b4ec424fb13
Elucidation: A class devoted to categorize ‘Physical’-s according to their granularity relations, first in terms of time evolution (Existent) and then in terms of their composition (State), up to the spatial a-tomistic element (Elementary).
Comment: Direct parthood is the relation used to build the class hierarchy (and the granularity hierarchy) for this perspective.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4588526f_8553_4f4d_aa73_a483e88d599b
Elucidation: A standalone atom that has no net charge.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_29afdf54_90ae_4c98_8845_fa9ea3f143a8
Elucidation: An equation that define a new variable in terms of other mathematical entities.
Example: The definition of velocity as v = dx/dt.
The definition of density as mass/volume.
y = f(x)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_2fd3f574_5e93_47fe_afca_ed80b0a21ab4
Elucidation: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
Comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_1067b97a_84f8_4d22_8ace_b842b8ce355c
Elucidation: A ‘spacetime’ that stands for a quantum system made of electrons.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_e56ee3eb_7609_4ae1_8bed_51974f0960a6
Elucidation: The class of ‘mathematical’-s that stand for a statement of equality between two mathematical expressions.
Example: 2+3 = 5 x^2 +3x = 5x dv/dt = a sin(x) = y
Comment: An equation with variables can always be represented as:
f(v0, v1, …, vn) = g(v0, v1, …, vn)
where f is the left hand and g the right hand side expressions and v0, v1, …, vn are the variables.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_eb77076b_a104_42ac_a065_798b2d2809ad
Elucidation: A standalone atom has direct part one ‘nucleus’ and one ‘electron_cloud’.
An O ‘atom’ within an O2 ‘molecule’ is an ‘e-bonded_atom’.
In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud.
We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
Comment: An ‘atom’ is a ‘nucleus’ surrounded by an ‘electron_cloud’, i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_a6138ba7_e365_4f2d_b6b4_fe5a5918d403
Example: 1 + 1 = 2
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_98d65021_4574_4890_b2fb_46430841077f
Example: 2 * a - b = c
Comment: An ‘equation’ that has parts two ‘polynomial’-s
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_df808271_df91_4f27_ba59_fa423c51896c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_8f87e700_99a8_4427_8ffb_e493de05c217
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/perceptual#EMMO_50ea1ec5_f157_41b0_b46b_a9032f17ca10
Elucidation: A physical made of more than one symbol sequentially arranged.
Example: The word “cat” considered as a collection of ‘symbol’-s respecting the rules of english language.
In this example the ‘symbolic’ entity “cat” is not related to the real cat, but it is only a word (like it would be to an italian person that ignores the meaning of this english word).
If an ‘interpreter’ skilled in english language is involved in a ‘semiotic’ process with this word, that “cat” became also a ‘sign’ i.e. it became for the ‘interpreter’ a representation for a real cat.
Comment: A string is made of concatenated symbols whose arrangement is one-dimensional. Each symbol can have only one previous and one next neighborhood (bidirectional list).
Comment: A string is not requested to respect any syntactic rule: it’s simply directly made of symbols.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/reductionistic#EMMO_52211e5e_d767_4812_845e_eb6b402c476a
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ which is a tessellation of ‘State’ temporal direct parts.
Comment: ‘Existent’ is the EMMO class to be used for representing real world physical objects under a reductionistic perspective (i.e. objects come from the composition of sub-part objects, both in time and space).
‘Existent’ class collects all individuals that stand for physical objects that can be structured in well defined temporal sub-parts called states, through the temporal direct parthood relation.
This class provides a first granularity hierarchy in time, and a way to axiomatize tessellation principles for a specific whole with a non-transitivity relation (direct parthood) that helps to retain the granularity levels.
e.g. a car, a supersaturated gas with nucleating nanoparticles, an atom that becomes ionized and then recombines with an electron.
Comment: An ‘Existent’ individual stands for a real world object for which the ontologist wants to provide univocal tessellation in time.
By definition, the tiles are represented by ‘State’-s individual.
Tiles are related to the ‘Existent’ through temporal direct parthood, enforcing non-transitivity and inverse-functionality.
Comment: Being hasTemporalDirectPart a proper parthood relation, there cannot be ‘Existent’ made of a single ‘State’.
Moreover, due to inverse functionality, a ‘State’ can be part of only one ‘Existent’, preventing overlapping between ‘Existent’-s.
Comment: ex-sistere (latin): to stay (to persist through time) outside others of the same type (to be distinct from the rest).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_8303a247_f9d9_4616_bdcd_f5cbd7b298e3
Elucidation: An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
Comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic.
In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
Comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
Comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_e5438930_04e7_4d42_ade5_3700d4a52ab7
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a physical assumption specific to a material, and provides an expression for a ‘physics_quantity’ (the dependent variable) as function of other variables, physics_quantity or data (independent variables).
Example: The Lennard-Jones potential.
A force field.
An Hamiltonian.
Comment: A material_relation can e.g. return a predefined number, return a database query, be an equation that depends on other physics_quantities.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/models#EMMO_27c5d8c6_8af7_4d63_beb1_ec37cd8b3fa3
Elucidation: An ‘equation’ that stands for a ‘physical_law’ by mathematically defining the relations between physics_quantities.
Example: The Newton’s equation of motion.
The Schrödinger equation.
The Navier-Stokes equation.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_89083bab_f69c_4d06_bf6d_62973b56cdc7
Example: 2+2
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_f9bc8b52_85e9_4b53_b969_dd7724d5b8e4
Elucidation: A well-formed finite combination of mathematical symbols according to some specific rules.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_1aed91a3_d00c_48af_8f43_a0c958b2512a
Example: 2x+3
Comment: An expression that has parts only integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number)
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/math#EMMO_91447ec0_fb55_49f2_85a5_3172dff6482c
Example: 2 * x^2 + x + 3
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_3c218fbe_60c9_4597_8bcf_41eb1773af1f
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ with no ‘Massive’ parts.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_98ada9d8_f1c8_4f13_99b5_d890f5354152
Elucidation: The perspective for which physical objects are categorized only by concepts coming from applied physical sciences.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_70dac51e_bddd_48c2_8a98_7d8395e91fc2
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ with ‘Massless’ parts that are mediators of interactions.
Comment: The concepts of matter and field for classical physics, upon which we can categorize physical entities, are replaced in quantum physics by the more general concepts of quantum field.
Here the class ‘Field’ refers to the quantum field of massless bosonic particles (i.e. photons, gluons), while the class ‘Matter’ refers to the quantum field of massive fermionic or bosonic particles (e.g. quarks, electrons).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_e5488299_8dab_4ebb_900a_26d2abed8396
Elucidation: The union of classes of elementary particles that do not possess mass.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_385b8f6e_43ac_4596_ad76_ac322c68b7ca
Elucidation: The union of classes of elementary particles that possess mass.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_72d53756_7fb1_46ed_980f_83f47efbe105
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for quarks elementary particles.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_eb3c61f0_3983_4346_a0c6_e7f6b90a67a8
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gravitons elementary particles.
Comment: While this particle is only supposed to exist, the EMMO approach to classical and quantum systems represents fields as made of particles.
For this reason graviton is an useful concept to homogenize the approach between different fields.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_c26a0340_d619_4928_b1a1_1a04e88bb89d
Elucidation: The union of all classes categorizing elementary particles according to the Standard Model.
Comment: Only a subset of elementary particles from the Standard Model are here included for the sake of simplicity.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_7db59e56_f68b_48b7_ae99_891c35ae5c3b
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for gluons elementary particles.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_25f8b804_9a0b_4387_a3e7_b35bce5365ee
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for photons elementary particles.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_8043d3c6_a4c1_4089_ba34_9744e28e5b3d
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_1067b97a_84f8_4d22_8ace_b842b8ce355c
Elucidation: A ‘spacetime’ that stands for a quantum system made of electrons.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_f835f4d4_c665_403d_ab25_dca5cc74be52
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_7d66bde4_b68d_41cc_b5fc_6fd98c5e2ff0
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_50781fd9_a9e4_46ad_b7be_4500371d188d
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_df808271_df91_4f27_ba59_fa423c51896c
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_8f87e700_99a8_4427_8ffb_e493de05c217
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_db03061b_db31_4132_a47a_6a634846578b
Elucidation: A standalone atom with an unbalanced number of electrons with respect to its atomic number.
Comment: The ion_atom is the basic part of a pure ionic bonded compound i.e. without eclectron sharing,
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_3397f270_dfc1_4500_8f6f_4d0d85ac5f71
Elucidation: An atom_based state defined by an exact number of e-bonded atomic species and an electron cloud made of the shared electrons.
Example: H20, C6H12O6, CH4
Comment: An entity is called essential if removing one direct part will lead to a change in entity class.
An entity is called redundand if removing one direct part will not lead to a change in entity class.
Comment: This definition states that this object is a non-periodic set of atoms or a set with a finite periodicity.
Removing an atom from the state will result in another type of atom_based state.
e.g. you cannot remove H from H20 without changing the molecule type (essential). However, you can remove a C from a nanotube (redundant). C60 fullerene is a molecule, since it has a finite periodicity and is made of a well defined number of atoms (essential). A C nanotube is not a molecule, since it has an infinite periodicity (redundant).
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_75fe4fd1_0f7e_429b_b91d_59d248561bae
Elucidation: A Material occurring in nature, without the need of human intervention.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4588526f_8553_4f4d_aa73_a483e88d599b
Elucidation: A standalone atom that has no net charge.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_5b2222df_4da6_442f_8244_96e9e45887d1
Elucidation: A ‘Physical’ that possesses some ‘Massive’ parts.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/manufacturing#EMMO_ec7464a9_d99d_45f8_965b_4e9230ea8356
Comment: A material that is synthesized within a manufacturing process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_8b0923ab_b500_477b_9ce9_8b3a3e4dc4f2
Elucidation: A state that is a collection of sufficiently large number of other parts such that: - it is the bearer of qualities that can exists only by the fact that it is a sum of parts - the smallest partition dV of the state volume in which we are interested in, contains enough parts to be statistically consistent: n [#/m3] x dV [m3] >> 1
Comment: A continuum is made of a sufficient number of parts that it continues to exists as continuum individual even after the loss of one of them i.e. a continuum is a redundant.
Comment: A continuum is not necessarily small (i.e. composed by the minimum amount of sates to fulfill the definition).
A single continuum individual can be the whole fluid in a pipe.
Comment: A continuum is the bearer of properties that are generated by the interactions of parts such as viscosity and thermal or electrical conductivity.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_2fd3f574_5e93_47fe_afca_ed80b0a21ab4
Elucidation: An atom that does not share electrons with other atoms.
Comment: A standalone atom can be bonded with other atoms by intermolecular forces (i.e. dipole–dipole, London dispersion force, hydrogen bonding), since this bonds does not involve electron sharing.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_4207e895_8b83_4318_996a_72cfb32acd94
Elucidation: A matter individual that stands for a real world object representing an amount of a physical substance (or mixture of substances) in different states of matter or phases.
Comment: A instance of a material (e.g. nitrogen) can represent different states of matter. The fact that the individual also belongs to other classes (e.g. Gas) would reveal the actual form in which the material is found.
Comment: Material usually means some definite kind, quality, or quantity of matter, especially as intended for use.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_10dd1eed_da7d_45a3_860c_477ca9e152aa
Elucidation: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing all external dimension measuring 1-100nm
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_eb77076b_a104_42ac_a065_798b2d2809ad
Elucidation: A standalone atom has direct part one ‘nucleus’ and one ‘electron_cloud’.
An O ‘atom’ within an O2 ‘molecule’ is an ‘e-bonded_atom’.
In this material branch, H atom is a particular case, with respect to higher atomic number atoms, since as soon as it shares its electron it has no nucleus entangled electron cloud.
We cannot say that H2 molecule has direct part two H atoms, but has direct part two H nucleus.
Comment: An ‘atom’ is a ‘nucleus’ surrounded by an ‘electron_cloud’, i.e. a quantum system made of one or more bounded electrons.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5d659e25_a508_43ed_903c_3707c7c7cd4b
Elucidation: Nanomaterials are Materials possessing, at minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_668fbd5b_6f1b_405c_9c6b_d6067bd0595a
Elucidation: A matter object throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
Comment: In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is another separate phase.
The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of “phase” as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)]
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_8303a247_f9d9_4616_bdcd_f5cbd7b298e3
Elucidation: An bonded atom that shares at least one electron to the atom-based entity of which is part of.
Comment: A real bond between atoms is always something hybrid between covalent, metallic and ionic.
In general, metallic and ionic bonds have atoms sharing electrons.
Comment: The bond types that are covered by this definition are the strong electonic bonds: covalent, metallic and ionic.
Comment: This class can be used to represent molecules as simplified quantum systems, in which outer molecule shared electrons are un-entangled with the inner shells of the atoms composing the molecule.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/physicalistic#EMMO_8043d3c6_a4c1_4089_ba34_9744e28e5b3d
Elucidation: The class of individuals that stand for electrons elemntary particles.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_68390bfb_e307_479d_8f78_d66d8773cb1d
Elucidation: A material that undergoes chemical changes.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_47fe2379_be21_48d1_9ede_402f0faf494b
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_7509da43_56b1_4d7f_887a_65d1663df4ba
Elucidation: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_94010cbc_c2a6_4cb9_b29a_83aa99d2ff70
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4354ac74_7425_43ab_92e4_6dc19d1afee9
Elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_560d833a_6184_410c_859a_05d982712fd7
Elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_87ac88ff_8379_4f5a_8c7b_424a8fff1ee8
Elucidation: A continuum that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure.
Example: Gas, liquid, plasma,
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_42185fe7_122c_4e0c_a3cd_659d3e21c389
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Sparkling water
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4b3e2374_52a1_4420_8e3f_3ae6b9bf7dff
Elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_40e18c93_a1b5_49ff_b06a_d9d932d1fb65
Elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Example: Mayonnaise, milk.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5cb107ba_7daa_46dd_8f9f_da22a6eac676
Elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e9e02156_651f_41c8_9efb_d5da0d4ce5e2
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Mud
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5be9c137_325a_43d8_b7cd_ea93e7721c2d
Elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d4f37e32_16ae_4cc6_b4cd_fd896b2449c4
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Dust, sand storm.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5a2af26d_99de_4e5e_b1cd_514be71420c3
Elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_498aad49_f8d4_40a4_a9eb_efd563a0115f
Elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_96c8d72f_b436_44e2_9f7f_085c24094292
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e4281979_2b07_4a43_a772_4903fb3696fe
Elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d69d2e95_b22f_499a_a552_17fde0d778fc
Elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e0edfb9e_9a96_4fae_b942_831ffe27b84a
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Rain, spray.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4c21fb86_fdcf_444e_b498_86fe656295af
Elucidation: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4d604a13_d1f6_42fd_818f_d3138d5e308c
Elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_04f2a2d5_e799_4692_a654_420e76f5acc1
Elucidation: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4354ac74_7425_43ab_92e4_6dc19d1afee9
Elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_560d833a_6184_410c_859a_05d982712fd7
Elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5cb107ba_7daa_46dd_8f9f_da22a6eac676
Elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_40e18c93_a1b5_49ff_b06a_d9d932d1fb65
Elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Example: Mayonnaise, milk.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e9e02156_651f_41c8_9efb_d5da0d4ce5e2
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Mud
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_2dd512a1_5187_47cc_b0b8_141214e22b59
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Example: Granite, sand, dried concrete.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_c457b6b9_5e73_4853_ae08_d776c12b8058
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5add9885_dc98_4fa5_8482_fdf9ba5e3889
Elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_6c487fb3_03d1_4e56_91ed_c2e16dcbef60
Elucidation: A mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles (from 1 nm to 1 μm) is suspended throughout another substance and that does not settle, or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
Comment: Colloids are characterized by the occurring of the Tyndall effect on light.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_96c8d72f_b436_44e2_9f7f_085c24094292
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_0e030040_98a7_49b2_a871_dced1f3a6131
Elucidation: A mixture in which more than one phases of matter cohexists.
Comment: Phase heterogenous mixture may share the same state of matter.
For example, immiscibile liquid phases (e.g. oil and water) constitute a mixture whose phases are clearly separated but share the same state of matter.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_0e6378df_1ce8_4321_b00c_ee9beea60a67
Elucidation: A single phase mixture.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d69d2e95_b22f_499a_a552_17fde0d778fc
Elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e0edfb9e_9a96_4fae_b942_831ffe27b84a
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Rain, spray.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_47fe2379_be21_48d1_9ede_402f0faf494b
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_33e0ac8b_a318_4285_b1de_e95347784632
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_94010cbc_c2a6_4cb9_b29a_83aa99d2ff70
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_42185fe7_122c_4e0c_a3cd_659d3e21c389
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Sparkling water
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4b3e2374_52a1_4420_8e3f_3ae6b9bf7dff
Elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_31557fae_b039_491c_bcbb_0ccb8711d5a6
Elucidation: A colloid in which small particles (1 nm to 100 nm) are suspended in a continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5e77f00d_5c0a_44e7_baf1_2c2a4cb5b3ae
Elucidation: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5be9c137_325a_43d8_b7cd_ea93e7721c2d
Elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d4f37e32_16ae_4cc6_b4cd_fd896b2449c4
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Dust, sand storm.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4d604a13_d1f6_42fd_818f_d3138d5e308c
Elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5a2af26d_99de_4e5e_b1cd_514be71420c3
Elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_498aad49_f8d4_40a4_a9eb_efd563a0115f
Elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4a464c8d_8895_44a8_a628_aed13509f1bd
Elucidation: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_ec2c8ac8_98c5_4c74_b85b_ff8e8ca6655c
Elucidation: A Miixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically (not chemically) combined.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_1f5e3e7e_72c9_40d4_91dd_ae432d7b7018
Elucidation: A colloid formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_2031516a_2be7_48e8_9af7_7e1270e308fe
Elucidation: A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
Comment: Solutions are characterized by the occurrence of Rayleigh scattering on light,
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e4281979_2b07_4a43_a772_4903fb3696fe
Elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_9bed5d66_805a_4b3a_9153_beaf67143848
Elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Example: Aerogel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_0b15f4ae_092e_4487_9100_3c44176c545c
Elucidation: A material in which distributed particles of one phase are dispersed in a different continuous phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_3995e22d_5720_4dcf_ba3b_d0ce03f514c6
Elucidation: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_47fe2379_be21_48d1_9ede_402f0faf494b
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a liquid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_3995e22d_5720_4dcf_ba3b_d0ce03f514c6
Elucidation: A soft, solid or solid-like colloid consisting of two or more components, one of which is a liquid, present in substantial quantity.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_94010cbc_c2a6_4cb9_b29a_83aa99d2ff70
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_b9695e87_8261_412e_83cd_a86459426a28
Elucidation: A superclass made as the disjoint union of all the form under which matter can exist.
Comment: In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_33e0ac8b_a318_4285_b1de_e95347784632
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a solid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_7509da43_56b1_4d7f_887a_65d1663df4ba
Elucidation: A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4354ac74_7425_43ab_92e4_6dc19d1afee9
Elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_560d833a_6184_410c_859a_05d982712fd7
Elucidation: A colloid composed of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_42185fe7_122c_4e0c_a3cd_659d3e21c389
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Sparkling water
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4b3e2374_52a1_4420_8e3f_3ae6b9bf7dff
Elucidation: A liquid solution made of two or more component substances.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5e77f00d_5c0a_44e7_baf1_2c2a4cb5b3ae
Elucidation: A solid solution made of two or more component substances.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_40e18c93_a1b5_49ff_b06a_d9d932d1fb65
Elucidation: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (a liquid-liquid heterogeneous mixture).
Example: Mayonnaise, milk.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5cb107ba_7daa_46dd_8f9f_da22a6eac676
Elucidation: A liquid solution in which the solvent is water.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e9e02156_651f_41c8_9efb_d5da0d4ce5e2
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solids in a liquid continuum phase.
Example: Mud
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5be9c137_325a_43d8_b7cd_ea93e7721c2d
Elucidation: A gaseous solution made of more than one component type.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d4f37e32_16ae_4cc6_b4cd_fd896b2449c4
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Dust, sand storm.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_2dd512a1_5187_47cc_b0b8_141214e22b59
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of solid in a solid continuum phase.
Example: Granite, sand, dried concrete.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_c457b6b9_5e73_4853_ae08_d776c12b8058
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of gas in a solid continuum phase.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5add9885_dc98_4fa5_8482_fdf9ba5e3889
Elucidation: A type of sol in the form of one solid dispersed in another continuous solid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_5a2af26d_99de_4e5e_b1cd_514be71420c3
Elucidation: Smoke is a solid aerosol made of particles emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_498aad49_f8d4_40a4_a9eb_efd563a0115f
Elucidation: A suspension of liquid droplets dispersed in a gas through an atomization process.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_a2b006f2_bbfd_4dba_bcaa_3fca20cd6be1
Elucidation: A continuum characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume, that retains its shape and density when not confined.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_96c8d72f_b436_44e2_9f7f_085c24094292
Elucidation: An aerosol composed of fine solid particles in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4a464c8d_8895_44a8_a628_aed13509f1bd
Elucidation: An heterogeneous mixture that contains coarsly dispersed particles (no Tyndall effect), that generally tend to separate in time to the dispersion medium phase.
Comment: Suspensions show no significant effect on light.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e4281979_2b07_4a43_a772_4903fb3696fe
Elucidation: A suspension of fine particles in the atmosphere.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_d69d2e95_b22f_499a_a552_17fde0d778fc
Elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a liquid.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_9bed5d66_805a_4b3a_9153_beaf67143848
Elucidation: A foam of trapped gas in a solid.
Example: Aerogel
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_e0edfb9e_9a96_4fae_b942_831ffe27b84a
Elucidation: A coarse dispersion of liquid in a gas continuum phase.
Example: Rain, spray.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4c21fb86_fdcf_444e_b498_86fe656295af
Elucidation: A fluid in which a gas is ionized to a level where its electrical conductivity allows long-range electric and magnetic fields to dominate its behaviour.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_4d604a13_d1f6_42fd_818f_d3138d5e308c
Elucidation: A liquid aerosol composed of water droplets in air or another gas.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/middle/materials#EMMO_04f2a2d5_e799_4692_a654_420e76f5acc1
Elucidation: Gas is a compressible fluid, a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Relations:
IRI: http://emmo.info/emmo/top/mereotopology#EMMO_08cb807c_e626_447b_863f_e2835540e918
Relations:
